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| discrepancy model special education: Identification of Learning Disabilities Renee Bradley, Louis Danielson, Daniel P. Hallahan, 2002-12-18 Identification of Learning Disabilities: Research to Practice is the remarkable product of a learning disabilities summit conference convened by the Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) in August 2001 and the activities following that summit. Both the conference and this book were seen as important preludes to congressional reauthorization of the historic Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) scheduled for 2002 and subsequent decision making surrounding implementation. The OSEP conference brought together people with different perspectives on LD (parents, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers) and resulted in this book, which examines the research on nine key issues concerning the identification of children with learning disabilities. Coverage includes alternative responses to treatment, classification approaches, processing deficit models, and approaches to decision making. Chapter Structure-- Each of the first nine chapters is organized around a lengthy, issue-oriented paper, which presents the most current research on that topic. These primary papers are then followed by four respondent papers that reflect a variety of viewpoints on the topic. Summarizing Chapter -- A small group of researchers (listed in the final chapter) dedicated an enormous amount of time to summarizing the research and developing key consensus statements regarding the identification of children with learning disabilities. Their work is sure to have a tremendous impact on future discussions in this area. Expertise-- The following well-known scholars have helped summarize the vast amount of research presented in this book as well as the consensus statements derived therefrom: Lynne Cook, Don Deshler, Doug Fuchs, Jack M. Fletcher, Frank Gresham, Dan Hallahan, Joseph Jenkins, Kenneth Kavale, Barbara Keogh, Margo Mastopieri, Cecil Mercer, Dan Reschley, Rune Simeonsson, Joe Torgesen, Sharon Vaughn, and Barbara Wise. |
| discrepancy model special education: Learning disabilities screening and evaluation guide for low- and middle-income countries Anne M. Hayes, Eileen Dombrowski, Allison H. Shefcyk, Jennae Bulat, 2018-04-29 Learning disabilities are among the most common disabilities experienced in childhood and adulthood. Although identifying learning disabilities in a school setting is a complex process, it is particularly challenging in low- and middle-income countries that lack the appropriate resources, tools, and supports. This guide provides an introduction to learning disabilities and describes the processes and practices that are necessary for the identification process. It also describes a phased approach that countries can use to assess their current screening and evaluation services, as well as determine the steps needed to develop, strengthen, and build systems that support students with learning disabilities. This guide also provides intervention recommendations that teachers and school administrators can implement at each phase of system development. Although this guide primarily addresses learning disabilities, the practices, processes, and systems described may be also used to improve the identification of other disabilities commonly encountered in schools. |
| discrepancy model special education: Handbook of Response to Intervention Shane R. Jimerson, Matthew K. Burns, Amanda M. VanDerHeyden, 2015-09-21 The Second Edition of this essential handbook provides a comprehensive, updated overview of the science that informs best practices for the implementation of response to intervention (RTI) processes within Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) to facilitate the academic success of all students. The volume includes insights from leading scholars and scientist-practitioners to provide a highly usable guide to the essentials of RTI assessment and identification as well as research-based interventions for improving students’ reading, writing, oral, and math skills. New and revised chapters explore crucial issues, define key concepts, identify topics warranting further study, and address real-world questions regarding implementation. Key topics include: Scientific foundations of RTI Psychometric measurement within RTI RTI and social behavior skills The role of consultation in RTI Monitoring response to supplemental services Using technology to facilitate RTI RTI and transition planning Lessons learned from RTI programs around the country The Second Edition of the Handbook of Response to Intervention is an essential resource for researchers, graduate students, and professionals/scientist-practitioners in child and school psychology, special and general education, social work and counseling, and educational policy and politics. |
| discrepancy model special education: Diagnostic Assessment of Learning Disabilities in Childhood Amber E. Brueggemann Taylor, 2014-02-14 Diagnosing learning disabilities (LD) in children has never been an easy task. The multiple approaches in use complicate the assessment process, raising the risk of young students getting the wrong services, or none at all. It is clear that more accurate diagnosis and classification methods are needed to advance the prevention and treatment of difficulties in reading and mathematics. Diagnostic Assessment of Learning Disabilities in Childhood takes important steps to cut through the confusion. This timely resource weighs the strengths and weaknesses of commonly used assessment methods including the aptitude-achievement discrepancy, cognitive processing, RTI and low achievement approaches and introduces the author's academic impairment model as a promising alternative. A chapter on comorbid disorders in students with LD guides readers in the fine points of differential diagnosis. And to make the coverage especially practical, the book's features link the theoretical to the real-world practice of LD assessment, among them: Overviews of LD identification and definitions. Analysis of widely used diagnostic approaches with strengths and weaknesses. Examples of assessment protocols and report writing. Case examples illustrating diagnostic issues. Q&A sections with leading experts in the field. Useful summaries, appendices and resource links. Diagnostic Assessment of Learning Disabilities in Childhood is an invaluable reference for school and clinical child psychologists, special education and allied educational professionals and researchers and graduate students in school, educational and clinical child psychology who are dedicated to higher measurement standards and greater opportunities for children’s academic success. |
| discrepancy model special education: Essentials of CAS Assessment Jack A. Naglieri, 1999-01-25 Like all the volumes in the Essentials of Psychological Assessment series, this book is designed to help busy mental health professionals quickly acquire the knowledge and skills they need to make optimal use of a major psychological assessment instrument. Each concise chapter features numerous callout boxes highlighting key concepts, bulleted points, and extensive illustrative material, as well as test questions that help you gauge and reinforce your grasp of the information covered. The initial chapters of Essentials of CAS Assessment provide step-by-step guidance on test administration, scoring, and interpretation. In the chapters following, the author provides expert assessment of the test's relative strengths and weaknesses, valuable advice on its clinical applications, and several illuminating case reports. |
| discrepancy model special education: The ABCs of Learning Disabilities Bernice Wong, Lorraine Graham, Maureen Hoskyn, Jeanette Berman, 2011-10-13 The ABCs of Learning Disabilities, Second Edition, discusses major research findings on learning disabilities in children, adolescents and adults in language, memory, social skills, self-regulation, reading, mathematics, and writing, with an additional chapter on assessment. This concise primer is intended for use as an undergraduate introductory text to the field. Written with an evenness of tone, breadth, and depth, the conveys an engaging style meant to encourage the beginning student to identify the big picture and to be interested in conceptual issues as well as research findings. - Undergraduate level text - 90% new material - Concise introduction to field - Covers current concepts like removing the IQ-performance discrepancy formula in diagnosing learning disabilities - New chapter on self-regulation and learning disabilities - Whole school approach to social skills intervention |
| discrepancy model special education: Handbook of Special Education James M. Kauffman, Daniel P. Hallahan, Paige Cullen Pullen, 2026-05-25 The Handbook of Special Education brings greater clarity to the ever-expanding topic of educating exceptional children. Across the volume, chapter authors review and integrate existing research, identify strengths and weaknesses, note gaps in the literature, and discuss implications for practice and future research. Chapters follow a consistent model: Definition, Causal Factors, Identification, Behavioral Characteristics, Assessment, Educational Programming, and Trends and Issues. This book provides comprehensive coverage of all aspects of special education in the United States including cultural and international comparisons. The Handbook of Special Education discusses emerging trends in the field for researchers and practitioners while also providing foundational material for graduate students and scholars. The third edition has been updated and shortened to make it more accessible and helpful to all of its users, taking into account the recent developments and most current academic research in the field. |
| discrepancy model special education: Behavior and Classroom Management in the Multicultural Classroom Terry L. Shepherd, Diana Linn, 2014-08-06 Addressing the increasing number of culturally and linguistically diverse students in today's schools, this book provides general and special education teachers with the knowledge, skills, and strategies to make the proactive, active, and reactive interventions necessary to create a positive classroom environment in which all students can learn. |
| discrepancy model special education: Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Board on the Health of Select Populations, Committee to Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental Disorders, 2015-10-28 Children living in poverty are more likely to have mental health problems, and their conditions are more likely to be severe. Of the approximately 1.3 million children who were recipients of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) disability benefits in 2013, about 50% were disabled primarily due to a mental disorder. An increase in the number of children who are recipients of SSI benefits due to mental disorders has been observed through several decades of the program beginning in 1985 and continuing through 2010. Nevertheless, less than 1% of children in the United States are recipients of SSI disability benefits for a mental disorder. At the request of the Social Security Administration, Mental Disorders and Disability Among Low-Income Children compares national trends in the number of children with mental disorders with the trends in the number of children receiving benefits from the SSI program, and describes the possible factors that may contribute to any differences between the two groups. This report provides an overview of the current status of the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, and the levels of impairment in the U.S. population under age 18. The report focuses on 6 mental disorders, chosen due to their prevalence and the severity of disability attributed to those disorders within the SSI disability program: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, learning disabilities, and mood disorders. While this report is not a comprehensive discussion of these disorders, Mental Disorders and Disability Among Low-Income Children provides the best currently available information regarding demographics, diagnosis, treatment, and expectations for the disorder time course - both the natural course and under treatment. |
| discrepancy model special education: The Dyslexia Debate Julian G. Elliott, Elena L. Grigorenko, 2014-03-24 An examination of how we use the term 'dyslexia' and how this may undermine aid for struggling readers. |
| discrepancy model special education: Wrightslaw Special Education Legal Developments and Cases 2019 Peter Wright, Pamela Wright, 2020-07-10 Wrightslaw Special Education Legal Developments and Cases 2019 is designed to make it easier for you to stay up-to-date on new cases and developments in special education law.Learn about current and emerging issues in special education law, including:* All decisions in IDEA and Section 504 ADA cases by U.S. Courts of Appeals in 2019* How Courts of Appeals are interpreting the two 2017 decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court* Cases about discrimination in a daycare center, private schools, higher education, discrimination by licensing boards in national testing, damages, higher standards for IEPs and least restrictive environment* Tutorial about how to find relevant state and federal cases using your unique search terms |
| discrepancy model special education: Concise Encyclopedia of Special Education Cecil R. Reynolds, Elaine Fletcher-Janzen, 2004-03-25 The Concise Encyclopedia of Special Education, Second Edition is a comprehensive resource for those working in the fields of special education research and practice. Featuring reviews of assessment instruments and teaching approaches, legal issues, overviews of specific learning disabilities, dozens of biographies, and more, this complete desk reference is an indispensable guide for professionals, academics, and students alike. Named an American Library Association Top 25 Reference of the Year in its First Edition, The Concise Encyclopedia serves as an important reference for the education of handicapped and other exceptional children. Written and edited by highly regarded and respected experts in the fields of special education and psychology, this authoritative resource guide provides a reference base for educators as well as professionals in the areas of psychology, neuropsychology, medicine, health care, social work and law. Additionally, this acclaimed reference work is essential for administrators, psychologists, diagnosticians, and school counselors, as well as parents of the handicapped themselves. What's new in this edition Comprehensive coverage of new legislation such as Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act Cultural competence in Special Education, including new material on culturally/linguistically diverse students Many new entries including notable biographies, new service delivery systems, special education laws, new assessment instruments, cross-cultural issues, neuropsychology, and use of the Internet in research and service delivery. Some of the topics covered Academic assessment Achievement tests Addictions Bilingual education Child and adolescent behavior management Counseling with individuals and families with disabilities Early childhood education Gifted education Intelligence tests Mathematics disabilities Psychoeducational methods Rehabilitation Socioeconomic status Special education parent and student rights Traumatic brain injury |
| discrepancy model special education: The One-Stop Guide to Implementing RTI Maryln Appelbaum, 2009 This user-friendly guide offers strategies and how-to's for implementing RTI in classrooms and schoolwide, providing team-building techniques, academic and behavioral interventions, and more. |
| discrepancy model special education: Rethinking Learning Disabilities Deborah P. Waber, 2011-09-06 Experts have yet to reach consensus about what a learning disability is, how to determine if a child has one, and what to do about it. Leading researcher and clinician Deborah Waber offers an alternative to the prevailing view of learning disability as a problem contained within the child. Instead, she shows how learning difficulties are best understood as a function of the developmental interaction between the child and the world. Integrating findings from education, developmental psychology, and cognitive neuroscience, she offers a novel approach with direct practical implications. Detailed real-world case studies illustrate how this approach can promote positive outcomes for children who struggle in school. |
| discrepancy model special education: History of Special Education Anthony F. Rotatori, Festus E. Obiakor, Jeffrey P. Bakken, 2011-01-25 Examines the history of special education by categorical areas (for example, Learning Disabilities, Mental Retardation, and Autistic Spectrum Disorders). This title includes chapters on the changing philosophy related to educating students with exceptionalities as well as a history of legal and legislation content concerned with special education. |
| discrepancy model special education: Learning Disabilities Carolyn S Ryan, 2017-11-29 Learning disabilities are conditions that are associated with difficulties in knowledge and skill acquisition to the level expected of same-age peers. The current book is an international examination of assessment methods, preventative measures, intervention, and research with those individuals with learning disabilities obtained from authors in the United States of America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. |
| discrepancy model special education: English Language Learners: Janette Klingner, Amy Eppollito, 2014-01-01 This unique guide for special education teachers, teachers of English language learners, and other practitioners provides the foundational information needed to determine whether the language difficulties experienced by English language learners (ELLs) result from the processes and stages of learning a second language or from a learning disability (LD). The book addresses the following critical factors in detail: determining whether an ELL's struggles with reading in English are due to LD or language acquisition; characteristics of language acquisition that can mirror LD; different types of ELLS and why these differences are important; considering a student's opportunity to learn when determining whether he or she may have LD; common misconceptions and realities about ELLs and the second language acquisition process; ways that learning to read in English as a second or additional language differ from learning to read English as a first language, and how the differences can be confusing for ELLs; how schools can establish structure to facilitate the process of distinguishing between language acquisition and LD; how families are involved in the process; guidelines for determining which ELLs should be referred for evaluation; and what it means to use an ecological framework to determine whether ELLs have LD. |
| discrepancy model special education: Moral Issues in Special Education Robert F. Ladenson, 2020-08-15 The book identifies and analyzes important yet insufficiently explored moral issues in k-12 special education. It aims to achieve a successful combination of experience and theory. The experience comes from the many years the author was an Illinois special education due process hearing officer (1987-2007). The theory comes from the even more years he taught and did scholarly work in the areas of moral, political, legal, and educational philosophy as a philosophy professor (1969-2012). Each of the moral issues considered in the book figured importantly in one or more of the most significant disputes the author was called upon to adjudicate. Throughout the book he draws upon important concepts in moral, political, legal, and educational philosophy as conceptual resources. He considers these concepts invaluable for analyzing moral issues, especially when a person experiences discomfort caused by a sense that an issue is morally problematic but finds it hard to articulate the crux of the issue. Throughout the book, however the author has tried hard to write in language that readers unfamiliar with the terminology and discourse style of philosophy can understand, and always to make it apparent why and how particular philosophical points bear upon important moral issues in k-12 special education. |
| discrepancy model special education: Helping Children Learn Jack A. Naglieri, Eric B. Pickering, 2010 Exceptional...delivers on the goal of connecting assessment with intervention.---Alan S. Kaufman, Ph.D., Clinical Professor of Psychology, Yale Child Study Center, School of Medicine -- |
| discrepancy model special education: Educating One and All National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Testing and Assessment, Committee on Goals 2000 and the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities, 1997-06-27 In the movement toward standards-based education, an important question stands out: How will this reform affect the 10% of school-aged children who have disabilities and thus qualify for special education? In Educating One and All, an expert committee addresses how to reconcile common learning for all students with individualized education for oneâ€the unique student. The book makes recommendations to states and communities that have adopted standards-based reform and that seek policies and practices to make reform consistent with the requirements of special education. The committee explores the ideas, implementation issues, and legislative initiatives behind the tradition of special education for people with disabilities. It investigates the policy and practice implications of the current reform movement toward high educational standards for all students. Educating One and All examines the curricula and expected outcomes of standards-based education and the educational experience of students with disabilitiesâ€and identifies points of alignment between the two areas. The volume documents the diverse population of students with disabilities and their school experiences. Because approaches to assessment and accountability are key to standards-based reforms, the committee analyzes how assessment systems currently address students with disabilities, including testing accommodations. The book addresses legal and resource implications, as well as parental participation in children's education. |
| discrepancy model special education: Essentials of Cross-Battery Assessment Dawn P. Flanagan, Samuel O. Ortiz, Vincent C. Alfonso, 2013-03-06 The most up-to-date resource of comprehensive information for conducting cross-battery assessments The Cross-Battery assessment approach—also referred to as the XBA approach—is a time-efficient assessment method grounded solidly in contemporary theory and research. The XBA approach systematically integrates data across cognitive, achievement, and neuropsychological batteries, enabling practitioners to expand their traditional assessments to more comprehensively address referral concerns. This approach also includes guidelines for identification of specific learning disabilities and assessment of cognitive strengths and weaknesses in individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Like all the volumes in the Essentials of Psychological Assessment series, Essentials of Cross-Battery Assessment, Third Edition is designed to help busy practitioners quickly acquire the knowledge and skills they need to make optimal use of psychological assessment instruments. Each concise chapter features numerous callout boxes highlighting key concepts, bulleted points, and extensive illustrative material, as well as test questions that help you to gauge and reinforce your grasp of the information covered. Essentials of Cross-Battery Assessment, Third Edition is updated to include the latest editions of cognitive ability test batteries , such as the WISC-IV, WAIS-IV, and WJ III COG, and special purpose cognitive tests including the WMS-IV and TOMAL-II. This book now also overs many neuropsychological batteries such as the NEPSY-II and D-KEFS and provides extensive coverage of achievement batteries and special purpose tests, including the WIAT-III, KM-3, WRMT-3 and TOWL-4. In all, this book includes over 100 psychological batteries and 750 subtests, all of which are classified according to CHC (and many according to neuropsychlogical theory. This useful guide includes a timesaving CD-ROM, Essential Tools for Cross-Battery Assessment (XBA) Applications and Interpretation, which allows users to enter data and review results and interpretive statements that may be included in psychological reports. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file. |
| discrepancy model special education: Encyclopedia of Special Education Cecil R. Reynolds, Elaine Fletcher-Janzen, 2007-02-26 The Third Edition of the highly acclaimed Encyclopedia of Special Education has been thoroughly updated to include the latest information about new legislation and guidelines. In addition, this comprehensive resource features school psychology, neuropsychology, reviews of new tests and curricula that have been developed since publication of the second edition in 1999, and new biographies of important figures in special education. Unique in focus, the Encyclopedia of Special Education, Third Edition addresses issues of importance ranging from theory to practice and is a critical reference for researchers as well as those working in the special education field. |
| discrepancy model special education: Current Issues and Trends in Special Education. Festus E. Obiakor, Jeffrey P. Bakken, Anthony F. Rotatori, 2010-01-25 The field of special education constantly changes as a result of legislation, instructional formats and research investigations. Addressing the issues and trends in Special Education, this title covers identification, assessment and instruction. It also covers research, technology, and teacher preparation. |
| discrepancy model special education: WJ IV Clinical Use and Interpretation Dawn P Flanagan, Vincent C Alfonso, 2016-01-28 WJ IV Clinical Use and Interpretation: Scientist-Practitioner Perspectives provides clinical use and interpretive information for clinical practitioners using the Woodcock-Johnson, Fourth Edition (WJ IV). The book discusses how the cognitive, achievement, and oral language batteries are organized, a description of their specific content, a brief review of their psychometric properties, and best practices in interpreting scores on the WJ IV. Coverage includes the predictive validity of its lower order factors and the clinical information that can be derived from its 60 individual subtests. Part II of this book describes the clinical and diagnostic utility of the WJ IV with young children for diagnosing learning disabilities in both school age and adult populations, and for identifying gifted and talented individuals. Additionally, the book discusses the use of the WJ IV with individuals whose culture and language backgrounds differ from those who are native English speakers and who were born and raised in mainstream US culture. - Discusses the organization and content of all three batteries in the WJ-IV - Reviews best practices for score interpretation - Covers psychometric properties and predictive validity - Explores clinical information that can be extracted from 60 individual subtests - Includes diagnostic utility for learning disabilities, giftedness, and non-English speaking populations |
| discrepancy model special education: Inclusive Special Education Garry Hornby, 2014-08-20 Much has been written about special education and about inclusive education, but there have been few attempts to pull these two concepts and approaches together. This book does just that: sets special education within the context of inclusive education. It posits that to include, effectively, all children with special educational needs in schools requires an integration of both concepts, approaches, and techniques. It has never been more timely to publish a book that helps professionals who work with schools, such as psychologists, special education professionals, and counselors, to identify effective practices for children with special needs and provide guidelines for implementing these in inclusive schools. |
| discrepancy model special education: Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification Vincent C. Alfonso, Dawn P. Flanagan, 2018-03-20 Practical, up-to-date guidance on identifying Specific Learning Disability Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification provides accessible, authoritative guidance on specific learning disability (SLD), with the most up-to-date information on assessment, identification, interventions, and more. Contributions by leading experts examine multiple theoretical orientations and various identification approaches for dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, and other common SLDs. Emphasizing real-world utility, this book provides important information for professionals who work with children and youth at risk; many of the SLD identification practices can be put to work immediately, and the expert coverage offers many strategies and interventions for student support in the classroom. This new second edition has been updated to align with the most current understanding of SLD manifestations, diagnostic assessment, and evidence-based interventions, and includes new material covering nonverbal learning disability, speech-language impairment, general learning difficulties, and differentially diagnosing SLD from other conditions. Early SLD identification and the right kind of help can raise the trajectory of a child's life. This book provides in-depth information to facilitate accurate identification and appropriate intervention to help you help the children in your care. Understand how SLD manifests in academic performance Learn theory- and research-based approaches to SLD identification Examine the latest information about new aspects of SLD determination Utilize appropriate and effective intervention strategies for student support If a child's learning disability is caught early, and the correct type of support is provided, that child gets the chance to develop the skills that lead to achievement in school and beyond. As a high-incidence disorder, SLD affects 10-15 percent of the general population, making successful identification an essential skill for those who work with children. Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification provides authoritative guidance and practical methods that can help you start changing children's lives today. |
| discrepancy model special education: Enduring Issues In Special Education Barbara Bateman, John W. Lloyd, Melody Tankersley, 2015-02-20 Enduring Issues in Special Education is aimed at any course in the undergraduate or graduate special education curriculum that is wholly or partly devoted to a critical examination of current issues in special education. The book organizes 28 chapters into seven sections using familiar structuring principles—what, who, where, how, when, why, and whither. Each section begins with an introduction that provides historical, legal, and theoretical background information and organizing commentary for the chapters that follow. The book’s objective, in addition to informing readers about the issues, is to develop critical thinking skills in the context of special education. Key features include the following: Dialectic Format – Each of the 28 chapters presents compelling reasons for addressing the issue at hand and specific ways to do so. Because each issue is written from different perspectives and focuses on a variety of aspects, readers are encouraged to weigh the arguments, seek additional information, and come up with synthesized positions of their own. Organizing Framework – The book’s seven sections have been arranged according to a scheme that is the essence of most investigative reporting and provides a coherent, easy-to-understand framework for readers. Expertise – All chapters are written by leading scholars who are highly regarded experts in their fields and conclude with suggested readings and discussion questions for additional study. |
| discrepancy model special education: Models for Effective Service Delivery in Special Education Programs Epler, Pam, 2014-12-31 Educators today are challenged with the task of designing curricula and standards for students of varying abilities. While technology and innovation steadily improve classroom learning, teachers and administrators continue to struggle in developing the best methodologies and practices for students with disabilities. Models for Effective Service Delivery in Special Education Programs brings together case studies and academic research on successful classroom models and practices to provide rewarding learning environments for students with disabilities. This publication is an essential reference source for special education teachers, supervisors, directors, and administrators, as well as academicians and researchers interested in developing special education programs within school districts and classrooms. |
| discrepancy model special education: Students with Both Gifts and Learning Disabilities Tina A. Newman, Robert J. Sternberg, 2012-12-06 We were motivated to edit this book when we began to hear stories of exceptional students who were struggling with reading, writing, or math, but who could solve seemingly any problem with computers, or build the most intricate structures with Legos, or could draw beautiful pictures, or could tell the most creative stories but ended up in tears when asked to write it out. How is it possible to have so much talent in some areas and yet to appear to have a disability in another? What resources are available for these students? How can we ensure that these students' abilities are nurtured and developed? Our goal in this book is to provide ideas and possibly even tentative answers for educators and to stimulate more questions to be answered by researchers. We have ourselves been addressing related questions for some time. Our group at the PACE Center at Yale has explored the developmentof abilities, competencies and expertise that allow people to be successful in life. Through this work, we have collaborated with school districts and other educators and researchers across the country to expand the notion ofwhat is traditionally thought ofas intelligence. We use the conceptofsuccessful intelligence to allow for the possibility that the skills traditionally taught in school are not the only ones, and often not even the most important ones, that allow people to be successful in the world. |
| discrepancy model special education: Disability, Intersectionality, and Belonging in Special Education Elizabeth A. Harkins Monaco, L. Lynn Stansberry Brusnahan, Marcus C. Fuller, Martin O. Odima, 2024-02-23 Disability, Intersectionality, and Belonging in Special Education focuses on preparing educators who use socioculturally sustaining practices, curricula, and instruction through an intersectional lens. This book empowers preservice students and special education practitioners and administrators to meet the needs of disabled individuals. Understanding the full range of requirements relating to socioculturally sustaining practices is imperative to working with individuals with disabilities as well as with their families and caregivers. Being able to understand and explain this complex issue to others is important and often necessary. Social injustices in special education are historical and systemic. Special education practitioners are typically unaware of the importance of intersectional differences because they have been prepared to address cultural perspectives only during awareness days or through specific units in curricula. At other times they discuss the topic diagnostically—for example, as part of an educational plan or when teaching English as a second language. Other issues stem from the value system of the special education practitioners themselves; some are not willing to engage in these concepts, while others prioritize treating all students the same by using the terms “fairness,” “equity,” and “colorblindness” to justify this treatment. Even when special educator practitioners attempt to address injustices on behalf of their students, they tend to center on only the student’s disability, which means they are ignoring or erasing other aspects of their students’ identities. These concerns highlight the importance of building the sociocultural competence of our teaching force. This book will help practitioners build this competence in their own spheres of influence. |
| discrepancy model special education: RTI Toolkit Jim Wright, 2007 This book will provide school administrators and teachers with the essential techniques, resources, and guidelines to start a comprehensive “Response To Intervention” process in their own schools. The reader will learn how to: · Help stakeholders “buy-in” to the RTI process · Inventory and organize intervention resources · Create research-based and classroom-friendly student intervention plans · Set objective goals for student improvement · Apply decision rules to determine when a student who fails to respond to intervention should be referred |
| discrepancy model special education: RTI Success Elizabeth Whitten, Kelli J. Esteves, Alice Woodrow, 2020-06-30 Accessible, hands-on RTI guidance and strategies for educators at all grade levels This practical, ready-to-use resource gives teachers and administrators the tools to successfully implement RTI or strengthen an existing program to target students’ specific needs. Response to Intervention allows educators to assess and meet the needs of struggling students before they have fallen too far behind. Three expert authors explore this multi-tiered system of support (MTSS), offering over one hundred research-based, instructional techniques and interventions for use in diverse settings, advice on creating personal and positive learning environments, information on co-teaching, and approaches to purposeful grouping. Included in the book and as digital downloads are easy-to-use customizable forms to streamline assessment, implementation, and documentation. Also included is an extensive list of references and resources for further exploration. |
| discrepancy model special education: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders Ellen Braaten, 2018-01-29 According to the CDC “about one in six, or about 15%, of children aged 3 through 17 years have one or more developmental disabilities,” such as ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, and learning disability. Intellectual disorders are characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills, impacting learning, reasoning, problem solving, and other cognitive processes. These disabilities originate before the age of 18 and continue across the life span. Developmental disorders are chronic disabilities that can be cognitive or physical or both. The disabilities appear before the age of 22 and are likely to progress across the lifespan. Some developmental disorders are largely physical issues, such as cerebral palsy or epilepsy. Some individuals may have a disorder that includes a physical and intellectual disability; for example, Down syndrome or fetal alcohol syndrome. Intellectual and developmental disorders are significant and growing issues that are studied across a number of disciplines. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Intellectual and Developmental Disorders is aimed at students interested in psychology, counseling, education, social work, psychiatry, health sciences, and more. This encyclopedia will provide an in-depth look at a wide range of disorders, alongside interventions, the latest research translated for an undergraduate audience, historical context, and assessment tools for higher-level students. We will take a truly interdisciplinary approach by also covering sociocultural viewpoints, policy implications, educational applications, ethical issues, and more. |
| discrepancy model special education: Multi-Tiered Systems of Support Gary E. Schaffer, 2022-08-11 Multi-Tiered Systems of Support: A Practical Guide to Preventative Practice, by Gary Schaffer, makes it easy to decipher this important framework for delivering evidence-based interventions to improve students’ learning, behavior, and social-emotional outcomes. This text focuses on the common elements of the intervention service delivery models comprising Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) to offer step-by-step guidance for each stage of the process. Covering MTSS from a whole child perspective, Multi-Tiered Systems of Support empowers current and future educators to set up learners for the greatest success in school and beyond. This book simplifies the MTSS model using an overall analogy of the four basic steps to building a house. We start with the foundation as the history of MTSS, the walls as the four main intervention service delivery models, the framework as common components that link all delivery models, and then the roof that represents MTSS as a whole. Diagrams, checklists and flowcharts accompany each step of the MTSS model to organize and summarize the information on each model. Case studies offer practical, in-depth examples of implementation strategies across models within MTSS. Unique sections on data-based decision making and infusing culturally responsive practices into RTI, SWPBS, Social-Emotional RTI, and Suicide Prevention and Intervention offer readers ways to better adapt and refine their implementation of MTSS. Through this text, readers will have a convenient resource that will save them time locating information on interventions, measures of universal screening, and progress monitoring unique to each intervention service delivery model within MTSS. |
| discrepancy model special education: Simplifying Response to Intervention Austin Buffum, Mike Mattos, Chris Weber, 2011-10-29 The sequel to Pyramid Response to Intervention advocates that a successful RTI model begins by asking the right questions to create a fundamentally effective learning environment for every student. RTI is not a series of implementation steps, but rather a way of thinking. Understand why bureaucratic, paperwork-heavy, compliance-oriented, test-score-driven approaches fail. Then learn how to create a focused RTI model that works. |
| discrepancy model special education: Making the Grade Nicholas D. Young, Kristen Bonanno-Sotiropoulos, Jennifer A. Smolinski, 2018-03-02 Designed to be a valuable resource, this book provides educators, administrators, practitioners, and families with a clear understanding of how to meet the instructional, emotional, and social needs of students with learning disabilities. Readers will benefit from the extensive research provided and will gain an appreciation for the importance of collaboration, creating safe and supportive learning environments, as well as effectively implementing interventions. |
| discrepancy model special education: General and Special Education Inclusion in an Age of Change Jeffrey P. Bakken, Festus E. Obiakor, 2016-10-31 This volume will address the most current perspectives and issues related to general and special education inclusion and will be written by leaders in the field with particular expertise in this area. This volume will be an excellent resource for special educators, administrators, mental health clinicians, school counsellors, and psychologists. |
| discrepancy model special education: Handbook of Response to Intervention Shane R. Jimerson, Matthew K. Burns, Amanda VanDerHeyden, 2007-08-14 Until now, practitioners have had access to few detailed descriptions of RTI methods and the effective role they can play in special education. The Handbook of Response to Intervention fills this critical information gap. In this comprehensive volume, more than 90 expert scholars and practitioners provide a guide to the essentials of RTI assessment and identification as well as research-based interventions for improving students’ reading, writing, oral, and math skills. |
| discrepancy model special education: Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification Dawn P. Flanagan, Vincent C. Alfonso, 2010-11-09 Complete coverage on how SLD manifests in academic performance Expert advice on theory- and research-based approaches to SLD identification Conveniently formatted for rapid reference Quickly acquire the knowledge and skills you need to accurately identify specific learning disabilities Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification provides a brief overview examining the definitions and classification systems of—and methods for—identification of specific learning disabilities (SLDs). Focusing on descriptive efforts of the manifestations of SLDs in the academically critical areas of reading, writing, math, oral expression, and listening comprehension, this book features contributions by leading experts in the field, including Virginia Berninger, Steven Feifer, Jack Fletcher, Nancy Mather, Jack Naglieri, and more. Like all the volumes in the Essentials of Psychological Assessment series, each concise chapter features numerous callout boxes highlighting key concepts, bulleted points, and extensive illustrative material, as well as test questions that help you gauge and reinforce your grasp of the information covered. With multiple perspectives spanning several different theoretical orientations and offering various approaches to SLD identification that can be put into practice right away—from RTI methods to cognitive strengths and weaknesses approaches—this book offers important content for professionals who work with children and youth at risk for learning disabilities. With a Foreword by Cecil Reynolds, Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification presents rich and up-to-date information on models and methods of SLD identification. |
| discrepancy model special education: How the Special Needs Brain Learns David A. Sousa, 2007 ′This is a well-written and practical guide for parents and practitioners working with children with additional needs, providing a comprehensive overview of the field and rooted in a desire to facilitate effective support and to enable children to fulfill their potential′ - SEN Magazine Since the publication of the first edition, there have been major developments in our understanding of how the human brain develops and functions. New technologies, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation, have emerged to investigate cerebral processes. Researchers in genetics have found new links to physical, psychological, and learning disorders. The discovery of mirror neurons may explain why certain learning problems arise and yield clues as to how they can be treated. All of the chapters in this second edition have undergone major revisions to include these developments and the findings of new studies. In addition, the author has: · Expanded and updated the chapters on attention disorders and autism spectrum disorders, illustrating the increased interest in these conditions · Revised the chapters on reading disabilities and emotional and behavioral disorders to reflect new research discoveries and treatments · Recast the final chapter to include a practical framework for identifying, accommodating, and motivating students with learning difficulties · Included references to more than 230 new scientific studies for those who wish to read the original research · Eliminated the chapter on sleep disorders because they do not identify a special learning need Researchers and clinicians have made considerable progress in recent years understanding the genetic and environmental triggers that result in learning problems in children and adolescents. Nonetheless, arriving at a specific diagnosis can be tricky. Teachers and parents often cannot tell the difference between a normally rambunctious child and one who may have a developmental disorder. The information here will provide educators and parents with some of the strategies they need to help their students and children lead happy and successful lives. |
DISCREPANCY Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of DISCREPANCY is the quality or state of disagreeing or being at variance. How to use discrepancy in a sentence.
DISCREPANCY | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
DISCREPANCY definition: 1. a difference between two things that should be the same: 2. a difference between two things…. Learn more.
DISCREPANCY Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Discrepancy definition: the state or quality of being discrepant or in disagreement, as by displaying an unexpected or unacceptable difference; inconsistency.. See examples of …
DISCREPANCY definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If there is a discrepancy between two things that ought to be the same, there is a noticeable difference between them.
discrepancy noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
Definition of discrepancy noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
Discrepancy - definition of discrepancy by The Free Dictionary
discrepancy - a difference between conflicting facts or claims or opinions; "a growing divergence of opinion"
Discrepancy - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
A discrepancy is a lack of agreement or balance. If there is a discrepancy between the money you earned and the number on your paycheck, you should complain to your boss. There is a …
What does discrepancy mean? - Definitions.net
discrepancy noun An inconsistency between facts or sentiments. They found a discrepancy between the first set of test results and the second, and they're still trying to figure out why.
Discrepancy Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
DISCREPANCY meaning: a difference especially between things that should be the same
DISCREPANCY | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
DISCREPANCY meaning: 1. a difference between two things that should be the same: 2. a difference between two things…. Learn more.
DISCREPANCY Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of DISCREPANCY is the quality or state of disagreeing or being at variance. How to use discrepancy in a sentence.
DISCREPANCY | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
DISCREPANCY definition: 1. a difference between two things that should be the same: 2. a difference between two things…. Learn more.
DISCREPANCY Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Discrepancy definition: the state or quality of being discrepant or in disagreement, as by displaying an unexpected or unacceptable difference; inconsistency.. See examples of …
DISCREPANCY definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If there is a discrepancy between two things that ought to be the same, there is a noticeable difference between them.
discrepancy noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
Definition of discrepancy noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
Discrepancy - definition of discrepancy by The Free Dictionary
discrepancy - a difference between conflicting facts or claims or opinions; "a growing divergence of opinion"
Discrepancy - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
A discrepancy is a lack of agreement or balance. If there is a discrepancy between the money you earned and the number on your paycheck, you should complain to your boss. There is a …
What does discrepancy mean? - Definitions.net
discrepancy noun An inconsistency between facts or sentiments. They found a discrepancy between the first set of test results and the second, and they're still trying to figure out why.
Discrepancy Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
DISCREPANCY meaning: a difference especially between things that should be the same
DISCREPANCY | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
DISCREPANCY meaning: 1. a difference between two things that should be the same: 2. a difference between two things…. Learn more.
