Advertisement
| figure in russian history: Russian History: A Very Short Introduction Geoffrey Hosking, 2012-03-29 Spanning the divide between Europe and Asia, Russia is a multi-ethnic empire with a huge territory, strategically placed and abundantly provided with natural resources. But Russia's territory has a harsh climate, is cut off from most maritime contact with the outside world, and has open and vulnerable land frontiers. It has therefore had to devote much of its wealth to the armed forces, and the sheer size of the empire has made it difficult to mobilise resources and to govern effectively, especially given the diversity of its people. In this Very Short Introduction, Geoffrey Hosking discusses all aspects of Russian history, from the struggle by the state to control society, the transformation of the empire into a multi-ethnic empire, Russia's relationship with the West/Europe, the Soviet experience, and the post-Soviet era. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. |
| figure in russian history: The Story of Russia Orlando Figes, 2022-09-20 “This is the essential backstory, the history book that you need if you want to understand modern Russia and its wars with Ukraine, with its neighbors, with America, and with the West.” —Anne Applebaum, author of Twilight of Democracy and Red Famine Named a Most Anticipated Book of the Year by Publishers Weekly and Kirkus Reviews From “the great storyteller of Russian history” (Financial Times), a brilliant account of the national mythologies and imperial ideologies that have shaped Russia’s past and politics—essential reading for understanding the country today The Story of Russia is a fresh approach to the thousand years of Russia’s history, concerned as much with the ideas that have shaped how Russians think about their past as it is with the events and personalities comprising it. No other country has reimagined its own story so often, in a perpetual effort to stay in step with the shifts of ruling ideologies. From the founding of Kievan Rus in the first millennium to Putin’s war against Ukraine, Orlando Figes explores the ideas that have guided Russia’s actions throughout its long and troubled existence. Whether he's describing the crowning of Ivan the Terrible in a candlelit cathedral or the dramatic upheaval of the peasant revolution, he reveals the impulses, often unappreciated or misunderstood by foreigners, that have driven Russian history: the medieval myth of Mother Russia’s holy mission to the world; the imperial tendency toward autocratic rule; the popular belief in a paternal tsar dispensing truth and justice; the cult of sacrifice rooted in the idea of the “Russian soul”; and always, the nationalist myth of Russia’s unjust treatment by the West. How the Russians came to tell their story and to revise it so often as they went along is not only a vital aspect of their history; it is also our best means of understanding how the country thinks and acts today. Based on a lifetime of scholarship and enthrallingly written, The Story of Russia is quintessential Figes: sweeping, revelatory, and masterful. |
| figure in russian history: The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 1, From Early Rus' to 1689 Maureen Perrie, D. C. B. Lieven, Ronald Grigor Suny, 2006 An authoritative history of Russia from early Rus' to the reign of Peter the Great. |
| figure in russian history: The Future Is History Masha Gessen, 2017-10-03 WINNER OF THE 2017 NATIONAL BOOK AWARD IN NONFICTION FINALIST FOR THE NATIONAL BOOK CRITICS CIRCLE AWARDS WINNER OF THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY'S HELEN BERNSTEIN BOOK AWARD NAMED A BEST BOOK OF 2017 BY THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW, LOS ANGELES TIMES, WASHINGTON POST, BOSTON GLOBE, SEATTLE TIMES, CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR, NEWSWEEK, PASTE, and POP SUGAR The essential journalist and bestselling biographer of Vladimir Putin reveals how, in the space of a generation, Russia surrendered to a more virulent and invincible new strain of autocracy. Award-winning journalist Masha Gessen's understanding of the events and forces that have wracked Russia in recent times is unparalleled. In The Future Is History, Gessen follows the lives of four people born at what promised to be the dawn of democracy. Each of them came of age with unprecedented expectations, some as the children and grandchildren of the very architects of the new Russia, each with newfound aspirations of their own--as entrepreneurs, activists, thinkers, and writers, sexual and social beings. Gessen charts their paths against the machinations of the regime that would crush them all, and against the war it waged on understanding itself, which ensured the unobstructed reemergence of the old Soviet order in the form of today's terrifying and seemingly unstoppable mafia state. Powerful and urgent, The Future Is History is a cautionary tale for our time and for all time. |
| figure in russian history: Stalin's Genocides Norman M. Naimark, 2010-07-19 The chilling story of Stalin’s crimes against humanity Between the early 1930s and his death in 1953, Joseph Stalin had more than a million of his own citizens executed. Millions more fell victim to forced labor, deportation, famine, bloody massacres, and detention and interrogation by Stalin's henchmen. Stalin's Genocides is the chilling story of these crimes. The book puts forward the important argument that brutal mass killings under Stalin in the 1930s were indeed acts of genocide and that the Soviet dictator himself was behind them. Norman Naimark, one of our most respected authorities on the Soviet era, challenges the widely held notion that Stalin's crimes do not constitute genocide, which the United Nations defines as the premeditated killing of a group of people because of their race, religion, or inherent national qualities. In this gripping book, Naimark explains how Stalin became a pitiless mass killer. He looks at the most consequential and harrowing episodes of Stalin's systematic destruction of his own populace—the liquidation and repression of the so-called kulaks, the Ukrainian famine, the purge of nationalities, and the Great Terror—and examines them in light of other genocides in history. In addition, Naimark compares Stalin's crimes with those of the most notorious genocidal killer of them all, Adolf Hitler. |
| figure in russian history: Year One of the Russian Revolution Victor Serge, 2017-01-15 An eyewitness account of the world-changing uprising—from the author of Memoirs of a Revolutionary. “A truly remarkable individual . . . an heroic work” (Richard Allday of Counterfire). Brimming with the honesty and passionate conviction for which he has become famous, Victor Serge’s account of the first year of the Russian Revolution—through all of its achievements and challenges—captures both the heroism of the mass upsurge that gave birth to Soviet democracy and the crippling circumstances that began to chip away at its historic gains. Year One of the Russian Revolution is Serge’s attempt to defend the early days of the revolution against those, like Stalin, who would claim its legacy as justification for the repression of dissent within Russia. Praise for Victor Serge “Serge is one of the most compelling of twentieth-century ethical and literary heroes.” —Susan Sontag, MacArthur Fellow and winner of the National Book Award “His political recollections are very important, because they reflect so well the mood of this lost generation . . . His articles and books speak for themselves, and we would be poorer without them.” —Partisan Review “I know of no other writer with whom Serge can be very usefully compared. The essence of the man and his books is to be found in his attitude to the truth.” —John Berger, Booker Prize–winning author “The novels, poems, memoirs and other writings of Victor Serge are among the finest works of literature inspired by the October Revolution that brought the working class to power in Russia in 1917.” —Scott McLemee, writer of the weekly “Intellectual Affairs” column for Inside Higher Ed |
| figure in russian history: The Baron's Cloak Willard Sunderland, 2014-05-08 Baron Roman Fedorovich von Ungern-Sternberg (1885–1921) was a Baltic German aristocrat and tsarist military officer who fought against the Bolsheviks in Eastern Siberia during the Russian Civil War. From there he established himself as the de facto warlord of Outer Mongolia, the base for a fantastical plan to restore the Russian and Chinese empires, which then ended with his capture and execution by the Red Army as the war drew to a close. In The Baron’s Cloak, Willard Sunderland tells the epic story of the Russian Empire’s final decades through the arc of the Baron’s life, which spanned the vast reaches of Eurasia. Tracking Ungern’s movements, he transits through the Empire’s multinational borderlands, where the country bumped up against three other doomed empires, the Habsburg, Ottoman, and Qing, and where the violence unleashed by war, revolution, and imperial collapse was particularly vicious. In compulsively readable prose that draws on wide-ranging research in multiple languages, Sunderland re-creates Ungern’s far-flung life and uses it to tell a compelling and original tale of imperial success and failure in a momentous time. Sunderland visited the many sites that shaped Ungern’s experience, from Austria and Estonia to Mongolia and China, and these travels help give the book its arresting geographical feel. In the early chapters, where direct evidence of Ungern’s activities is sparse, he evokes peoples and places as Ungern would have experienced them, carefully tracing the accumulation of influences that ultimately came together to propel the better documented, more notorious phase of his career. Recurring throughout Sunderland’s magisterial account is a specific artifact: the Baron’s cloak, an essential part of the cross-cultural uniform Ungern chose for himself by the time of his Mongolian campaign: an orangey-gold Mongolian kaftan embroidered in the Khalkha fashion yet outfitted with tsarist-style epaulettes on the shoulders. Like his cloak, Ungern was an imperial product. He lived across the Russian Empire, combined its contrasting cultures, fought its wars, and was molded by its greatest institutions and most volatile frontiers. By the time of his trial and execution mere months before the decree that created the USSR, he had become a profoundly contradictory figure, reflecting both the empire’s potential as a multinational society and its ultimately irresolvable limitations. |
| figure in russian history: A People's Tragedy Orlando Figes, 2014 Vast in scope, based on exhaustive original research, and written with passion, narrative skill and human sympathy, this book offers an account of the Russian Revolution for a new generation. |
| figure in russian history: WORLD REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY. (PRODUCT ID 23958336). CAITLIN. FINLAYSON, 2019 |
| figure in russian history: A History of Twentieth-century Russia Robert Service, 1998 Russia has had an extraordinary history in the twentieth century. As the first Communist society, the USSR was both an admired model and an object of fear and hatred to the rest of the world. How are we to make sense of this history? A History of Twentieth-Century Russia treats the years from 1917 to 1991 as a single period and analyzes the peculiar mixture of political, economic, and social ingredients that made up the Soviet formula. Under a succession of leaders from Lenin to Gorbachev, various methods were used to conserve and strengthen this compound. At times the emphasis was upon shaking up the ingredients, at others upon stabilization. All this occurred against a background of dictatorship, civil war, forcible industrialization, terror, world war, and the postwar arms race. Communist ideas and practices never fully pervaded the society of the USSR. Yet an impact was made and, as this book expertly documents, Russia since 1991 has encountered difficulties in completely eradicating the legacy of Communism. A History of Twentieth-Century Russia is the first work to use the mass of material that has become available in the documentary collections, memoirs, and archives over the past decade. It is an extraordinarily lucid, masterful account of the most complex and turbulent period in Russia's long history. |
| figure in russian history: Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union Roman Szporluk, 2020-02-24 This book chronicles the final two decades in the history of the Soviet Union and presents a story that is often lost in the standard interpretations of the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the USSR. Although there were numerous reasons for the collapse of communism, it did not happen—as it may have seemed to some—overnight. Indeed, says Roman Szporluk, the root causes go back even earlier than 1917. To understand why the USSR broke up the way it did, it is necessary to understand the relationship between the two most important nations of the USSR—Russia and Ukraine—during the Soviet period and before, as well as the parallel but interrelated processes of nation formation in both states. Szporluk details a number of often-overlooked factors leading to the USSR's fall: how the processes of Russian identity formation were not completed by the time of the communist takeover in 1917, the unification of Ukraine in 1939–1945, and the Soviet period failing to find a resolution of the question of Russian-Ukrainian relations. The present-day conflict in the Caucasus, he asserts, is a sign that the problems of Russian identity remain. |
| figure in russian history: History's Greatest Heist Sean McMeekin, 2008-12-17 How Lenin’s regime turned Russia’s priceless cultural patrimony into armored cars, trains, planes, and machine guns Historians have never resolved a central mystery of the Russian Revolution: How did the Bolsheviks, despite facing a world of enemies and leaving nothing but economic ruin in their path, manage to stay in power through five long years of civil war? In this penetrating book, Sean McMeekin draws on previously undiscovered materials from the Soviet Ministry of Finance and other European and American archives to expose some of the darkest secrets of Russia’s early days of communism. Building on one archival revelation after another, the author reveals how the Bolsheviks financed their aggression through astonishingly extensive thievery. Their looting included everything from the cash savings of private citizens to gold, silver, diamonds, jewelry, icons, antiques, and artwork. By tracking illicit Soviet financial transactions across Europe, McMeekin shows how Lenin’s regime accomplished history’s greatest heist between 1917 and 1922 and turned centuries of accumulated wealth into the sinews of class war. McMeekin also names names, introducing for the first time the compliant bankers, lawyers, and middlemen who, for a price, helped the Bolsheviks launder their loot, impoverish Russia, and impose their brutal will on millions. |
| figure in russian history: Russia in War and Revolution Gary M. Hamburg, 2021-03-01 Fyodor Sergeyevich Olferieff (1885&–1971) led a remarkable life in the shadows of history. This book presents his memoirs for the first time, translated and annotated by his granddaughter Tanya A. Cameron. Born into a noble family, Olferieff was a Russian career military officer who observed firsthand key events of the early twentieth century, including the 1905&–7 revolution, the Great War, the collapse of the imperial state, and the civil wars in Ukraine and Crimea. Olferieff wrestles with moral and political questions, wondering whether his own advantages could be justified—and whether, if born a peasant, he might have thrown himself into the revolution. As Gary Hamburg writes in an illuminating companion essay, Olferieff wrote to understand himself and to record his broken life for posterity as a privileged observer of a bloody, historically pivotal era. |
| figure in russian history: The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 3, The Twentieth Century Maureen Perrie, D. C. B. Lieven, Ronald Grigor Suny, 2006-11-02 This is a definitive new history of Russia from early Rus' to the successor states that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Volume I encompasses developments before the reign of Peter I; volume II covers the 'imperial era', from Peter's time to the fall of the monarchy in March 1917; and volume III continues the story through to the end of the twentieth century. At the core of all three volumes are the Russians, the lands which they have inhabited and the polities that ruled them, while other peoples and territories have also been given generous coverage for the periods when they came under Riurikid, Romanov and Soviet rule. The distinct voices of individual contributors provide a multitude of perspectives on Russia's diverse and controversial millennial history. This first volume of the Cambridge History of Russia covers the period from early ('Kievan') Rus' to the start of Peter the Great's reign in 1689. It surveys the development of Russia through the Mongol invasions to the expansion of the Muscovite state in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and deals with political, social, economic and cultural issues under the Riurikid and early Romanov rulers. The volume is organised on a primarily chronological basis, but a number of general themes are also addressed, including the bases of political legitimacy; law and society; the interactions of Russians and non-Russians; and the relationship of the state with the Orthodox Church. The international team of authors incorporates the latest Russian and Western scholarship and offers an authoritative new account of the formative 'pre-Petrine' period of Russian history, before the process of Europeanisation had made a significant impact on society and culture. Book jacket. |
| figure in russian history: Russia in Revolution Stephen Anthony Smith, 2017 Russia in Revolution gives a full account of the Russian empire from the last years of the nineteenth century, through revolution and civil war, to the brutal collectivization and crash industrialization under Stalin in the late 1920s |
| figure in russian history: Russians Gregory Feifer, 2014-02-18 From former NPR Moscow correspondent Gregory Feifer comes an incisive portrait that draws on vivid personal stories to portray the forces that have shaped the Russian character for centuries-and continue to do so today. Russians explores the seeming paradoxes of life in Russia by unraveling the nature of its people: what is it in their history, their desires, and their conception of themselves that makes them baffling to the West? Using the insights of his decade as a journalist in Russia, Feifer corrects pervasive misconceptions by showing that much of what appears inexplicable about the country is logical when seen from the inside. He gets to the heart of why the world's leading energy producer continues to exasperate many in the international community. And he makes clear why President Vladimir Putin remains popular even as the gap widens between the super-rich and the great majority of poor. Traversing the world's largest country from the violent North Caucasus to Arctic Siberia, Feifer conducted hundreds of intimate conversations about everything from sex and vodka to Russia's complex relationship with the world. From fabulously wealthy oligarchs to the destitute elderly babushki who beg in Moscow's streets, he tells the story of a society bursting with vitality under a leadership rooted in tradition and often on the edge of collapse despite its authoritarian power. Feifer also draws on formative experiences in Russia's past and illustrative workings of its culture to shed much-needed light on the purposely hidden functioning of its society before, during, and after communism. Woven throughout is an intimate, first-person account of his family history, from his Russian mother's coming of age among Moscow's bohemian artistic elite to his American father's harrowing vodka-fueled run-ins with the KGB. What emerges is a rare portrait of a unique land of extremes whose forbidding geography, merciless climate, and crushing corruption has nevertheless produced some of the world's greatest art and some of its most remarkable scientific advances. Russians is an expertly observed, gripping profile of a people who will continue challenging the West for the foreseeable future. |
| figure in russian history: Bankers and Bolsheviks Hassan Malik, 2020-05-26 Following an unprecedented economic boom fed by foreign investment, the Russian Revolution triggered the worst sovereign default in history. Bankers and Bolsheviks tells the dramatic story of this boom and bust, chronicling the forgotten experiences of leading financiers of the age. Shedding critical new light on the decision making of the powerful personalities who acted as the gatekeepers of international finance, Hassan Malik narrates how they channeled foreign capital into Russia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While economists have long relied on quantitative analysis to grapple with questions relating to the drivers of cross-border capital flows, Malik adopts a historical approach, drawing on banking and government archives in four countries. The book provides rare insights into the thinking of influential figures in world finance as they sought to navigate one of the most challenging and lucrative markets of the first modern age of globalization. Bankers and Bolsheviks reveals how a complex web of factors--from government interventions to competitive dynamics and cultural influences - drove a large inflow of capital during this tumultuous period in world history. This gripping book demonstrates how the realms of finance and politics - of bankers and Bolsheviks - grew increasingly intertwined, and how investing in Russia became a political act with unforeseen repercussions. |
| figure in russian history: A People's History of the Russian Revolution Neil Faulkner, 2017 The Russian Revolution may be the most misunderstood and misrepresented event in modern history, its history told in a mix of legends and anecdotes. In A People's History of the Russian Revolution, Neil Faulkner sets out to debunk the myths and pry fact from fiction, putting at the heart of the story the Russian people who are the true heroes of this tumultuous tale. In this fast-paced introduction, Faulkner tells the powerful narrative of how millions of people came together in a mass movement, organized democratic assemblies, mobilized for militant action, and overturned a vast regime of landlords, profiteers, and warmongers. Faulkner rejects caricatures of Lenin and the Bolsheviks as authoritarian conspirators or the progenitors of Stalinist dictatorship, and forcefully argues that the Russian Revolution was an explosion of democracy and creativity--and that it was crushed by bloody counter-revolution and replaced with a form of bureaucratic state-capitalism. Grounded by powerful first-hand testimony, this history marks the centenary of the Revolution by restoring the democratic essence of the revolution, offering a perfect primer for the modern reader. |
| figure in russian history: Revelations from the Russian Archives Diane P. Koenker, Library of Congress, 2011-03-01 |
| figure in russian history: The ABC of Communism Nikolai Bukharin, Evgenii Preobrazensky, 2021-04-08 The ABC of Communism is a book written by Nikolai Bukharin and Evgenii Preobrazhensky in 1919, during the Russian Civil War. Originally written to convince the proletariat of Russia to support the Bolsheviks, it became an elementary textbook of communist knowledge. It became the best known and most widely circulated of all pre-Stalinist expositions of Bolshevism and the most widely read political work in Soviet Russia. Long out of print, and often only being available with the abridged first few chapters, this version includes completed new transcriptions of the last eight chapters along with the Programme of the Communist Party of Russia, a glossary, and a new word index. The ABC of Communism is written to be a systematic description of communism and the proletarian condition under capitalism, away from the reality of Soviet life, into a redirection towards a militant optimism on the horizon. This book in the Radical Reprint series from Pattern Books is made to be accessible and as close to manufacturing cost as possible. |
| figure in russian history: Russia and Asia Wayne S. Vucinich, 1972 |
| figure in russian history: Lost Kingdom Serhii Plokhy, 2017-10-10 From a preeminent scholar of Eastern Europe and the prizewinning author of Chernobyl, the essential history of Russian imperialism. In 2014, Russia annexed the Crimea and attempted to seize a portion of Ukraine -- only the latest iteration of a centuries-long effort to expand Russian boundaries and create a pan-Russian nation. In Lost Kingdom, award-winning historian Serhii Plokhy argues that we can only understand the confluence of Russian imperialism and nationalism today by delving into the nation's history. Spanning over 500 years, from the end of the Mongol rule to the present day, Plokhy shows how leaders from Ivan the Terrible to Joseph Stalin to Vladimir Putin exploited existing forms of identity, warfare, and territorial expansion to achieve imperial supremacy. An authoritative and masterful account of Russian nationalism, Lost Kingdom chronicles the story behind Russia's belligerent empire-building quest. |
| figure in russian history: The House of Government Yuri Slezkine, 2017-08-07 On the 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution, the epic story of an enormous apartment building where Communist true believers lived before their destruction The House of Government is unlike any other book about the Russian Revolution and the Soviet experiment. Written in the tradition of Tolstoy's War and Peace, Grossman’s Life and Fate, and Solzhenitsyn’s The Gulag Archipelago, Yuri Slezkine’s gripping narrative tells the true story of the residents of an enormous Moscow apartment building where top Communist officials and their families lived before they were destroyed in Stalin’s purges. A vivid account of the personal and public lives of Bolshevik true believers, the book begins with their conversion to Communism and ends with their children’s loss of faith and the fall of the Soviet Union. Completed in 1931, the House of Government, later known as the House on the Embankment, was located across the Moscow River from the Kremlin. The largest residential building in Europe, it combined 505 furnished apartments with public spaces that included everything from a movie theater and a library to a tennis court and a shooting range. Slezkine tells the chilling story of how the building’s residents lived in their apartments and ruled the Soviet state until some eight hundred of them were evicted from the House and led, one by one, to prison or their deaths. Drawing on letters, diaries, and interviews, and featuring hundreds of rare photographs, The House of Government weaves together biography, literary criticism, architectural history, and fascinating new theories of revolutions, millennial prophecies, and reigns of terror. The result is an unforgettable human saga of a building that, like the Soviet Union itself, became a haunted house, forever disturbed by the ghosts of the disappeared. |
| figure in russian history: Lenin's Tomb David Remnick, 2014-04-02 Winner of the Pulitzer Prize One of the Best Books of the Year: The New York Times From the editor of The New Yorker: a riveting account of the collapse of the Soviet Union, which has become the standard book on the subject. Lenin’s Tomb combines the global vision of the best historical scholarship with the immediacy of eyewitness journalism. Remnick takes us through the tumultuous 75-year period of Communist rule leading up to the collapse and gives us the voices of those who lived through it, from democratic activists to Party members, from anti-Semites to Holocaust survivors, from Gorbachev to Yeltsin to Sakharov. An extraordinary history of an empire undone, Lenin’s Tomb stands as essential reading for our times. |
| figure in russian history: The Black Book of Communism Stéphane Courtois, 1999 This international bestseller plumbs recently opened archives in the former Soviet bloc to reveal the accomplishments of communism around the world. The book is the first attempt to catalogue and analyse the crimes of communism over 70 years. |
| figure in russian history: Soviet Women in Combat Anna Krylova, 2011-09-30 Soviet Women in Combat explores the unprecedented historical phenomenon of Soviet young women's en masse volunteering for World War II combat in 1941 and writes it into the twentieth-century history of women, war, and violence. The book narrates a story about a cohort of Soviet young women who came to think about themselves as women soldiers in Stalinist Russia in the 1930s and who shared modern combat, its machines, and commanding positions with men on the Eastern front between 1941 and 1945. The author asks how a largely patriarchal society with traditional gender values such as Stalinist Russia in the 1930s managed to merge notions of violence and womanhood into a first conceivable and then realizable agenda for the cohort of young female volunteers and for its armed forces. Pursuing the question, Krylova's approach and research reveals a more complex conception of gender identities. |
| figure in russian history: The Gates of Europe Serhii Plokhy, 2017-05-30 A New York Times bestseller, this definitive history of Ukraine is “an exemplary account of Europe’s least-known large country” (Wall Street Journal). As Ukraine is embroiled in an ongoing struggle with Russia to preserve its territorial integrity and political independence, celebrated historian Serhii Plokhy explains that today’s crisis is a case of history repeating itself: the Ukrainian conflict is only the latest in a long history of turmoil over Ukraine’s sovereignty. Situated between Central Europe, Russia, and the Middle East, Ukraine has been shaped by empires that exploited the nation as a strategic gateway between East and West—from the Romans and Ottomans to the Third Reich and the Soviet Union. In The Gates of Europe, Plokhy examines Ukraine’s search for its identity through the lives of major Ukrainian historical figures, from its heroes to its conquerors. This revised edition includes new material that brings this definitive history up to the present. As Ukraine once again finds itself at the center of global attention, Plokhy brings its history to vivid life as he connects the nation’s past with its present and future. |
| figure in russian history: The Man Without a Face Masha Gessen, 2013-03-05 History of Eastern Europe, Russia. |
| figure in russian history: Nicholas and Alexandra Robert K. Massie, 2011-11-08 A “magnificent and intimate” (Harper’s) modern classic of Russian history, the spellbinding story of the love that ended an empire—from the Pulitzer Prize–winning author of Peter the Great, The Romanovs, and Catherine the Great “A moving, rich book . . . [This] revealing, densely documented account of the last Romanovs focuses not on the great events . . . but on the royal family and their evil nemesis. . . . The tale is so bizarre, no melodrama is equal to it.”—Newsweek In this commanding book, New York Times bestselling author Robert K. Massie sweeps readers back to the extraordinary world of the Russian empire to tell the story of the Romanovs’ lives: Nicholas’s political naïveté, Alexandra’s obsession with the corrupt mystic Rasputin, and little Alexis’s brave struggle with hemophilia. Against a lavish backdrop of luxury and intrigue, Massie unfolds a powerful drama of passion and history—the story of a doomed empire and the death-marked royals who watched it crumble. |
| figure in russian history: The Last Man in Russia Oliver Bullough, 2013-04-30 Russia is dying from within. Oligarchs and oil barons may still dominate international news coverage, but their prosperity masks a deep-rooted demographic tragedy. Faced with staggering population decline—and near-certain economic collapse—driven by toxic levels of alcohol abuse, Russia is also battling a deeper sickness: a spiritual one, born out of the country’s long totalitarian experiment. In The Last Man in Russia, award-winning journalist Oliver Bullough uses the tale of a lone priest to give life to this national crisis. Father Dmitry Dudko, a dissident Orthodox Christian, was thrown into a Stalinist labor camp for writing poetry. Undaunted, on his release in the mid-1950s he began to preach to congregations across Russia with little concern for his own safety. At a time when the Soviet government denied its subjects the prospect of advancement, and turned friend against friend and brother against brother, Dudko urged his followers to cling to hope. He maintained a circle of sacred trust at the heart of one of history’s most deceitful systems. But as Bullough reveals, this courageous group of believers was eventually shattered by a terrible act of betrayal—one that exposes the full extent of the Communist tragedy. Still, Dudko’s dream endures. Although most Russians have forgotten the man himself, the embers of hope that survived the darkness are once more beginning to burn. Leading readers from a churchyard in Moscow to the snow-blanketed ghost towns of rural Russia, and from the forgotten graves of Stalin’s victims to a rock festival in an old gulag camp, The Last Man in Russia is at once a travelogue, a sociological study, a biography, and a cri de coeur for a dying nation—one that, Bullough shows, might yet be saved. |
| figure in russian history: Aspirin Diarmuid Jeffreys, 2008-12 A fast-paced, medical-historical mystery, filled with twists and turns.-Chicago Tribune |
| figure in russian history: The Cavalry Maiden Nadezhda Durova, Nadezhda Andreevna Durova, 1989 In December 1807, Alexander I granted a commission ot Nadezhada Durova who, in male guise, served nearly ten years in the Russian light cavalry during the Napoleonic wars. The cavalry maiden, a selection of the edited journals of her military service, first published in 1836 with Pushkin's encouragement, is a lively narrative of Russian life on and off the battlefield in the Alexandrine era. Durova's story appeals in our own time as a unique and gripping contribution to the literature of female experience-- |
| figure in russian history: Tolstoy Rosamund Bartlett, 2011-11-08 This biography of the brilliant author of War and Peace and Anna Karenina “should become the first resort for everyone drawn to its titanic subject” (Booklist, starred review). In November 1910, Count Lev Tolstoy died at a remote Russian railway station. At the time of his death, he was the most famous man in Russia, more revered than the tsar, with a growing international following. Born into an aristocratic family, Tolstoy spent his existence rebelling against not only conventional ideas about literature and art but also traditional education, family life, organized religion, and the state. In “an epic biography that does justice to an epic figure,” Rosamund Bartlett draws extensively on key Russian sources, including fascinating material that has only become available since the collapse of the Soviet Union (Library Journal, starred review). She sheds light on Tolstoy’s remarkable journey from callow youth to writer to prophet; discusses his troubled relationship with his wife, Sonya; and vividly evokes the Russian landscapes Tolstoy so loved and the turbulent times in which he lived. |
| figure in russian history: The Europeans Orlando Figes, 2019-10-08 From the “master of historical narrative” (Financial Times), a dazzling, richly detailed, panoramic work—the first to document the genesis of a continent-wide European culture. The nineteenth century in Europe was a time of unprecedented artistic achievement. It was also the first age of cultural globalization—an epoch when mass communications and high-speed rail travel brought Europe together, overcoming the barriers of nationalism and facilitating the development of a truly European canon of artistic, musical, and literary works. By 1900, the same books were being read across the continent, the same paintings reproduced, the same music played in homes and heard in concert halls, the same operas performed in all the major theatres. Drawing from a wealth of documents, letters, and other archival materials, acclaimed historian Orlando Figes examines the interplay of money and art that made this unification possible. At the center of the book is a poignant love triangle: the Russian writer Ivan Turgenev; the Spanish prima donna Pauline Viardot, with whom Turgenev had a long and intimate relationship; and her husband Louis Viardot, an art critic, theater manager, and republican activist. Together, Turgenev and the Viardots acted as a kind of European cultural exchange—they either knew or crossed paths with Delacroix, Berlioz, Chopin, Brahms, Liszt, the Schumanns, Hugo, Flaubert, Dickens, and Dostoyevsky, among many other towering figures. As Figes observes, nearly all of civilization’s great advances have come during periods of heightened cosmopolitanism—when people, ideas, and artistic creations circulate freely between nations. Vivid and insightful, The Europeans shows how such cosmopolitan ferment shaped artistic traditions that came to dominate world culture. |
| figure in russian history: The Limits of Partnership Angela E. Stent, 2015-03-29 A gripping account of U.S.-Russian relations since the end of the Soviet Union The Limits of Partnership is a riveting narrative about U.S.-Russian relations from the Soviet collapse through the Ukraine crisis and the difficult challenges ahead. It reflects the unique perspective of an insider who is also recognized as a leading expert on this troubled relationship. American presidents have repeatedly attempted to forge a strong and productive partnership only to be held hostage to the deep mistrust born of the Cold War. For the United States, Russia remains a priority because of its nuclear weapons arsenal, its strategic location bordering Europe and Asia, and its ability to support—or thwart—American interests. Why has it been so difficult to move the relationship forward? What are the prospects for doing so in the future? Is the effort doomed to fail again and again? What are the risks of a new Cold War? Angela Stent served as an adviser on Russia under Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, and maintains dialogues with key policymakers in both countries. Here, she argues that the same contentious issues—terrorism, missile defense, Iran, nuclear proliferation, Afghanistan, the former Soviet space, the greater Middle East—have been in every president's inbox, Democrat and Republican alike, since the collapse of the USSR. Stent vividly describes how Clinton and Bush sought inroads with Russia and staked much on their personal ties to Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin—only to leave office with relations at a low point—and how Barack Obama managed to restore ties only to see them undermined by a Putin regime resentful of American dominance and determined to restore Russia's great power status. The Limits of Partnership calls for a fundamental reassessment of the principles and practices that drive U.S.-Russian relations, and offers a path forward to meet the urgent challenges facing both countries. This edition includes a new chapter in which Stent provides her insights about dramatic recent developments in U.S.-Russian relations, particularly the annexation of Crimea, war in Ukraine, and the end of the Obama Reset. |
| figure in russian history: October China Miéville, 2018-05-22 Multi-award-winning author China Miéville captures the drama of the Russian Revolution in this “engaging retelling of the events that rocked the foundations of the twentieth century” (Village Voice) In February of 1917 Russia was a backwards, autocratic monarchy, mired in an unpopular war; by October, after not one but two revolutions, it had become the world’s first workers’ state, straining to be at the vanguard of global revolution. How did this unimaginable transformation take place? In a panoramic sweep, stretching from St. Petersburg and Moscow to the remotest villages of a sprawling empire, Miéville uncovers the catastrophes, intrigues and inspirations of 1917, in all their passion, drama and strangeness. Intervening in long-standing historical debates, but told with the reader new to the topic especially in mind, here is a breathtaking story of humanity at its greatest and most desperate; of a turning point for civilization that still resonates loudly today. |
| figure in russian history: The Russian Five Keith Gave, 2020-02-18 Five former Soviet hockey players who wound up in Detroit in the 1990s and helped to catapult a beleaguered hockey franchise to the top of the summit played a pivotal role in that city's celebrated comeback. They are The Russian Five, and while they changed their sport forever they also helped bridge rival cultures with their unique style of diplomacy. This is their remarkable story of espionage, defection, heartbreak and triumph - and remarkable courage after a fateful limo crash nearly killed one of them. |
| figure in russian history: Red Star Over Russia Natalia Sidlina, Matthew Gale, 2018-04-24 In exploring the intersection of art, politics and society, few collections in the world can compare with the David King collection. David King (1943?2016) was not only a passionate collector, but also an artist, designer and historian. Over a lifetime he amassed one of the world?s largest collections of Soviet political art and photographs. Every step of the Soviet journey is documented in visual media, photomontage, photographs, paintings, handwritten notes, books (signed with annotations and marginalia), enclosures and ephemera. The collection is also unique in examples of image manipulation techniques, erasures and deletions, and in the survival, despite the purges, of extremely rare books and manuscripts by the early revolutionaries who died in the?Show Trials? of 1936?38.00Exhibition: Tate Modern, London, United Kingdom (08.11.2017 - 18.02.2018). |
| figure in russian history: Crimes Against History Antoon De Baets, 2019 Crimes against History takes a global approach to the extreme forms of censorship to which history and historians have been subjected through the ages. It is an essential resource for anyone interested in how deeply history and politics influence each other, as well as for anyone wanting a fuller view of the history of history. |
| figure in russian history: Russian Monarchy Richard Wortman, 2013 This new volume from the author of Scenarios of Power explores the effect of the symbolic and mythical representations of the Russian imperial government on law, administrative practice, and concepts of national and imperial identities throughout centuries of monarchical rule. Richard Wortman demonstrates how the ideologies behind such representations shaped the thought patterns not only of the tsar and the imperial family but also of the Russian political and social elite. He characterizes the monarchy as an active agent in Russia's political experience, one whose dominant role was resisting change until the inevitable collapse facing all absolute monarchies. |
怎么区分 chart，diagram，graph，figure这几个词，都是图表的意 …
figure：In books and magazines, the diagrams which help to show or explain information are referred to as figures. 意思是主要是指在书中和杂志中的diagram，和文字以及上下文配套解释的绘 …
学术期刊图片中的 figure key ,legend, caption 这三者有啥区别啊？
Figure captions, lables 和 legends 之区别 The Results section of a manuscript includes tables, figures, and other non-textual elements that illustrate the findings of the research. Captions, …
现在很多sci的期刊都需要Graphical Abstract，如何制作？ - 知乎
另外目前也有一些杂志允许从结果figure中选择一个有代表意义的，这个时候可以简单的选一个最能代表课题重点的图即可，这种一般不要求配它的说明。 格式要求不需要说了，杂志投稿须知里都有。
LaTeX插入图片后页面排版如何控制？ - 知乎
Sep 23, 2022 · 我也试过其他插图格式如\begin{figure}[htbp]等等，就不存在上面那种公式排版问题，但那样会使图片插入不到正确的位置，且拆分文字段落，情况更为糟糕。 你的理解是错误的，也 …
如何准确表达SCI论文中的图？ - 知乎
From the figure above we can see that It can be seen from the data in Figure 1 that It is apparent from this figure that very few … In Fig.10, there is a clear trend of decreasing … From this data, …
matlab中，figure和axes中'position'属性中大小是什么关系？ - 知乎
figure和axes都有多个位置属性，主要是 Position 和 OuterPosition； 1. Axes. 先看在figure内部的axes： MATLAB 按照归一化的容器单位来测量值，容器的左下角映射到(0,0)，右上角映射到(1,1)。 …
进行 sci 论文图注的注意事项有哪些？ - 知乎
合格的Figure Legends应该能够使读者在不阅读正文的情况下，较为准确地理解相应图表的含义。 如果一篇SCIE论文的Figure Legends表达混乱或缺少信息，那么可能会导致期刊编辑或审稿专家无法理 …
如何查看自己电脑的 IP 地址？ - 知乎
知乎，中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台，于 2011 年 1 月正式上线，以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解，找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业、友善的社区 …
LaTeX 如何让两张图并排显示？ - 知乎
%\usepackage{caption} %\usepackage{subfigure} %导言区域要添加以上两个包 \begin{figure}[htbp] \centering %居中 \subfigure[name of the subfigure]{ %第一张子图 \begin{minipage}{7cm} …
科研论文中用什么软件作图最好？ - 知乎
从数据统计到figure的完成，GraphPad Prism可以一条龙服务，几乎可以搞定大部分所需的统计与作图。 它也是面板操作，所以上手难度不高，可以说是十款中最简单的几款了。而且Graphpad自带的图片 …
history of Russia I2 - West Virginia University
dqg duh khqfh rqh ri wkh qruwkhuqprvw lqgljhqrxv shrsoh ri (xursh 7khlu wudglwlrqdo odqjxdjhv duh wkh 6dpl odqjxdjhv dqg duh fodvvlilhg dv d eudqfk ri wkh 8udolf odqjxdjh idplo\
The Ideology of Sergei Uvarov - JSTOR
Sergei Uvarov (1786-1855) was the single most important figure in Russian education in the first half of the nineteenth century. He held strategically important positions: curator of the St. …
ASES
Russian State University RESEARCH OF FASHION TRENDS IN WEDDING FASHION . ASES INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC RESEARCH CONGRESS MAY 29-31, 2025, İSTANBUL, …
Well-being and Coping with Stress Among Russian …
Well-being and Coping with Stress Among Russian Adolescents… 75 crease in optimism (see Figure 2) and mental well-being (see Figure 3) among respon-dents over time, with no …
Russian GRU 85th GTsSS - U.S. Department of Defense
Aug 13, 2020 · U/OO/160679-20 | PP-20-0714| Aug 2020 Rev 1.0 iii Russian GRU 85th GTsSS Deploys Previously Undisclosed Drovorub Malware Executive Summary The Russian General …
Russian influence efforts converge on 2024 Paris Olympic …
Jun 2, 2024 · Russia’s long history of disparaging the Olympic Games Modern Russia, as well as its predecessor the Soviet Union, has a longstanding tradition of ... Russian influence efforts …
The Black Experience of Colonialism and Imperialism - JSTOR
The serious study of African history in American and European universities began only in the 1950s, and detailed studies of African experience under colonialism are ... impressive figure at …
Ukrainian & Russian Vaccination Records - SRHD
with immunization records in different formats, which include vaccines recorded in a medical book (figure 1) or in an immunization form (figure 2). In the following examples from different …
An outline of the history of linguistics - California State …
By a quirk of history, it is William Jones (1746–1794) who is widely ... of the non-Indo-European languages of the Russian empire, which for a time also involved Russian academics. This …
Great War, Civil War, and Recovery: Russia's National …
Sources: Russia and Soviet Union, best estimate: Gregory, Russian National Income, p. 113. Soviet Union, upper limit: Gregory, "National Income," p. 337. As may be judged from Table 2, …
GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS: LESSONS FROM A DECADE …
Figure 1) (Attinasi . et al, 2021). In the euro area, higher savings were mostly driven by lower consumption (Dossche et al, 2021). Figure 1: Pandemic-period household savings rate (%) …
The History of Space Debris - Embry–Riddle Aeronautical …
Hall/History of Space Debris 4. Figure 2 [NASA] $50,000 per window, but those episodes did not interfere with missions. ... (2,090 lb), deactivated (hence, orbiting debris) Russian …
Ukraine: Background, Conflict with Russia, and U.S. Policy
2 Historical surveys of Ukraine include Orest Subtelny, Ukraine: A History, 4th ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009); Paul Robert Magosci, A History of Ukraine: The Land and …
DAVID WEDGWOOD BENN - JSTOR
Review article The Crimean War and itslessons fortoday Ш DAVIDWEDGWOODBENN TheCrimeanWar:ahistory.ByOrlandoFiges.NewYork:Metropolitan …
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE RUSSIAN …
the passions, the spirit, and the language of the Russian Revolu-tion. This is true to such an extent that it is absolutely necessary for the student of recent Russian history to view it every …
Chapter 3
Figure 3-01. A short-radius human centrifuge. “Artificial gravity is an idea whose time has come around, …and around, …and around, …”-- Laurence Young, Man-Vehicle Laboratory, …
Appendix B GPS HISTORY, CHRONOLOGY, AND …
THE HISTORY OF GPS Throughout time people have developed a variety of ways to figure out their position on earth and to navigate from one place to another. Early mariners re- ... 3The …
50 Years of Nuclear Energy - International Atomic Energy …
03 History _____ 50 Years of Nuclear Energy1 1. “The energy produced by breaking down the atom is a very poor kind of thing. ... electrical grid at Obninsk in today’s Russian Federation, …
Matt L. Ganley and C. Wheeler - JSTOR
116 Arctic Anthropology 49:2 thesouthofthisregioninthe1930s.According totheTlingittotheeast,theDena'inatothewest, Birket-Smith(1953:7), andtheAhtnatothenorth ...
Figure: 19 TAC 227.10(a)(4)(C) - Texas Education Agency
Figure: 19 TAC §227.10(a)(4)(C) Certificate TAC Reference Certificate Name Pre-Admission Content ... Russian: Early Childhood–Grade 12 : ACTFL 608 OPI – Russian and 603 WPT – …
Building the New Order: 1938-1945 - Stanford University
independence during the Russian Revolution, the Soviet Union sought to reclaim them. In June 1940, the Soviet Union, in accordance with the August ... 24 August 2010 spatial history lab …
Political Homophobia as a State Strategy in Russia
into Russian history and since 2012 has been actively employed by the Russian authorities. This paper is an opportunity to look at the current homophobic ... was such a figure, whose “self …
Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University
Oct 28, 2004 · Figure Page 1. Ishii Shiro Commander of Unit 731, founder of Japanese Biological ... From the beginning of time, military history is full of examples of disease taking a greater toll …
12 - climate-box.com
Figure 1.2.4 Figure 1.2.2 Figure 1.2.5 Figure 1.2.3 The previous mini-mum temperature of -89.2°C was recorded at the Russian Vostok research station on 21 July 1983. The minimum temper …
'Abortion Will Deprive You of Happiness!'Soviet Reproductive …
Figure 1. V. Stepanov, “Abort lishit vas schast’ia” (Abortion will deprive you of happiness), 1966. Courtesy of the Russian State Library. 14 Journal of Women’s History Fall A forlorn-looking …
Historical Dental Investigations - Elsevier
history at the time of his death. In 2003, the J. Paul Getty Museum Antiquities Conservation Department initiated the study of a Romano-Egyptian red-shroud mummy (91.AP.6) in the …
Studia Historica Upsaliensia Viktor Englund, Annika Sandén …
Viktor Englund, Annika Sandén & Göran Tagesson (redaktörer) Hushåll, stad och rätt En vänbok till Dag Lindström
THE NAVY NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (TRANSIT)
Figure 2-Probability that at least three orbit planes will be available in the satellite constellation from 1985 through 1995. large gaps have not formed for extended periods of time. Table 1 …
Russification: Word and Practice 1863-1914 - JSTOR
whereby certain individuals take on Russian culture and language, usually over several generations-as in the case of Chekhov's figure Tuzenbach. Administrative russification is the …
Technology and Innovation Report 2025 (Overview) - UNCTAD
History has shown that while technological progress drives economic growth, ... Russian Federation, developing countries have limited capacities in AI infrastructure, which ... (figure …
A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia’s Eastern …
Article A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia’s Eastern Steppe Choongwon Jeong,1,2,23,* Ke Wang,1,23 Shevan Wilkin,3 William Timothy Treal Taylor,3,4 Bryan K. …
Automatic Speech Recognition – A Brief History of the …
regions of each digit. Figure 5 shows a block diagram of the digit recognizer developed by Davis et al., and Figure 6 shows plots of the formant trajectories along the dimensions of the first and …
Russian Hybrid Warfare and the Re-emergence of …
Figure 5. Russian BTG weapons capabilities. Also, Russian ground forces have been reportedly using their self-propelled artillery guns in direct-lay mode, ... The problem with this approach is …
Russia’s Home Front, 1914-1922: The Economy - The …
Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham; Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University ... 1914,” in The Cambridge Economic History …
Colliers Russian Roulette - WordPress.com
Russian Roulette By Georges Surdez The strange case of Sergeant Burkotvski, tvho died many deaths, and his friend Feldheim, who had to explain one of them to their superior officers …
Interlude: The Russian Provisional Government 1917 - JSTOR
picture of the Russian Revolution. In fact, the western and, a fortiori the Soviet approach to the Russian Revolution constitutes perhaps the supreme example of what has become known as …
NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL-INTELLIGENCE AGENCY …
curated by the Virginia Museum of Natural History was used to identify Cultural and Religious buildings.[7] Our sample includes 102 Cultural, 78 Religious, 193 Educational, and 729 ...
THE LATVIAN LEGION (1943–1945) AND ITS ROLE IN …
ITS ROLE IN LATVIA’S HISTORY . A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army . Command and General Staff College in partial . fulfillment of the requirements for the . degree …
25 Years of Small Satellites - Utah State University
Figure 1. Launch History of Microsatellites, Nanosatellites, and Picosatellites. Janson 3 25th Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites ... in July 1998 from a Russian submarine, …
An Early Soviet Ethnic Deportation: The Far-Eastern …
Bugai of the Russian Academy of Sciences' Institute of Russian History, and Mr. Edwin Bacon for in-valuable bibliographic assistance. I See Aleksandr Nekrich, The Punished Peoples (New …
Historical Culture: Russia in Search of Itself - University of …
have been appropriated in the Soviet and post-Soviet period of Russian history, and conclude with some speculations about Russia 's future. The Images of the National History in Pre …
The Impact of International Sanctions on Russia: Challenges …
tential Russian aggression were stated as the primary reasons for this decision, referencing Georgia [s history of falling victim to Russian aggression in the early 1990s and in 2008, which …
Review Article Geopolitics and the Roots of Putin’s Foreign Poli
look for deeper roots to Russian expansionism – back in the Tsarist (and even pre-tsarist) past. Bassin and Clover tackle this issue, trying to reconstruct the body of thinking known as …
Imp~~eial Rssia adIs 0 - JSTOR
scholar as the "myth of Russian gentry childhood."6 Przhevalsky occasionally re-ferred in subsequent writings to his youthful ideals in explaining his commitment to a life of exploration. …
Early Steps Toward Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) (1952 to …
(Figure 8) Our Russian colleagues have mentioned early work on ICF by Sakahrov and others. Hopefully, Sakahrov's colleagues and successors will be able to report on this early work in …
University of Alabama at Birmingham UAB Digital Commons
Thus Peter the Great, through his reforms of the Russian state, created the intelligentsia. What is most ironic is that Peter created the intelligentsia to serve the Russian state, but in the end …
Giovanni Morelli and his friend Giorgione: connoisseurship, …
Figure 1 Giorgione and Titian, Sleeping Venus, c1510, oil on canvas, 108.5 x 175 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Dresden. ... Firstly, the author adopts an ironic structure. Morelli’s art history …
POLAND’S WILD EAST: IMAGINED LANDSCAPES AND
of Europe; Nancy Kollmann and Paul Robinson, for organizing Stanford’s Russian and East European Workshop and European History Workshop respectively; and Edith Sheffer, for …
Russian Military Personnel Policy and Proficiency: Reforms …
Russian military through policy and budgetary initiatives as a counterpart to modernization investments in weapons and equipment. • The Russian military invested in tangible benefits …
