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doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Graduate Programs in Management of Engineering & Technology, Materials Sciences & Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics 2011 Peterson's, 2011-05-01 Peterson's Graduate Programs in Management of Engineering & Technology, Materials Sciences & Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics contains a wealth of information on colleges and universities that offer graduate work these exciting fields. The institutions listed include those in the United States and Canada, as well as international institutions that are accredited by U.S. accrediting bodies. Up-to-date information, collected through Peterson's Annual Survey of Graduate and Professional Institutions, provides valuable information on degree offerings, professional accreditation, jointly offered degrees, part-time and evening/weekend programs, postbaccalaureate distance degrees, faculty, students, degree requirements, entrance requirements, expenses, financial support, faculty research, and unit head and application contact information. Readers will find helpful links to in-depth descriptions that offer additional detailed information about a specific program or department, faculty members and their research, and much more. In addition, there are valuable articles on financial assistance, the graduate admissions process, advice for international and minority students, and facts about accreditation, with a current list of accrediting agencies. |
doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Graduate Programs in Engineering & Applied Sciences 2012 Peterson's, 2012-03-09 Peterson's Graduate Programs in Engineering & Applied Sciences 2012 contains a wealth of information on accredited institutions offering graduate degree programs in these fields. Up-to-date data, collected through Peterson's Annual Survey of Graduate and Professional Institutions, provides valuable information on degree offerings, professional accreditation, jointly offered degrees, part-time and evening/weekend programs, postbaccalaureate distance degrees, faculty, students, requirements, expenses, financial support, faculty research, and unit head and application contact information. There are helpful links to in-depth descriptions about a specific graduate program or department, faculty members and their research, and more. There are also valuable articles on financial assistance, the graduate admissions process, advice for international and minority students, and facts about accreditation, with a current list of accrediting agencies. |
doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Graduate Programs in Engineering & Applied Sciences, Aerospace/Aeronautical Engineering, Agricultural Engineering & Bioengineering, and Architectural Engineering 2011 Peterson's, 2011-05-01 Peterson's Graduate Programs in Engineering & Applied Sciences, Aerospace/Aeronautical Engineering, Agricultural Engineering & Bioengineering, and Architectural Engineering contains a wealth of information on colleges and universities that offer graduate work these exciting fields. The institutions listed include those in the United States and Canada, as well as international institutions that are accredited by U.S. accrediting bodies. Up-to-date information, collected through Peterson's Annual Survey of Graduate and Professional Institutions, provides valuable information on degree offerings, professional accreditation, jointly offered degrees, part-time and evening/weekend programs, postbaccalaureate distance degrees, faculty, students, degree requirements, entrance requirements, expenses, financial support, faculty research, and unit head and application contact information. Readers will find helpful links to in-depth descriptions that offer additional detailed information about a specific program or department, faculty members and their research, and much more. In addition, there are valuable articles on financial assistance, the graduate admissions process, advice for international and minority students, and facts about accreditation, with a current list of accrediting agencies. |
doctorate in construction management: Graduate Programs in Engineering & Applied Sciences 2011 (Grad 5) Peterson's, 2011-05-01 Peterson's Graduate Programs in Engineering & Applied Sciences contains a wealth of information on colleges and universities that offer graduate degrees in the fields of Aerospace/Aeronautical Engineering; Agricultural Engineering & Bioengineering; Architectural Engineering, Biomedical Engineering & Biotechnology; Chemical Engineering; Civil & Environmental Engineering; Computer Science & Information Technology; Electrical & Computer Engineering; Energy & Power engineering; Engineering Design; Engineering Physics; Geological, Mineral/Mining, and Petroleum Engineering; Industrial Engineering; Management of Engineering & Technology; Materials Sciences & Engineering; Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics; Ocean Engineering; Paper & Textile Engineering; and Telecommunications. Up-to-date data, collected through Peterson's Annual Survey of Graduate and Professional Institutions, provides valuable information on degree offerings, professional accreditation, jointly offered degrees, part-time and evening/weekend programs, postbaccalaureate distance degrees, faculty, students, degree requirements, entrance requirements, expenses, financial support, faculty research, and unit head and application contact information. As an added bonus, readers will find a helpful See Close-Up link to in-depth program descriptions written by some of these institutions. These Close-Ups offer detailed information about the specific program or department, faculty members and their research, and links to the program Web site. In addition, there are valuable articles on financial assistance and support at the graduate level and the graduate admissions process, with special advice for international and minority students. Another article discusses important facts about accreditation and provides a current list of accrediting agencies. |
doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Graduate Programs in the Physical Sciences, Mathematics, Agricultural Sciences, the Environment & Natural Resources 2012 Peterson's, 2011-12-30 Graduate Programs in the Physical Sciences, Mathematics, Agricultural Sciences, the Environment & Natural Resources 2012 contains more than 2,900 graduate programs in 59 disciplines-including agriculture and food sciences, astronomy and astrophysics, chemistry, physics, mathematics, environmental sciences and management, natural resources, marine sciences, and more. This guide is part of Peterson's six-volume Annual Guides to Graduate Study, the only annually updated reference work of its kind, provides wide-ranging information on the graduate and professional programs offered by U.S.-accredited colleges and universities in the United States and throughout the world. Informative data profiles for more than 2,900 graduate programs in 59 disciplines, including facts and figures on accreditation, degree requirements, application deadlines and contact information, financial support, faculty, and student body profiles. Two-page in-depth descriptions, written by featured institutions, offer complete details on specific graduate programs, schools, or departments as well as information on faculty research and the college or university. Expert advice on the admissions process, financial support, and accrediting agencies. Comprehensive directories list programs in this volume, as well as others in the graduate series. Up-to-date appendixes list institutional changes since the last addition along with abbreviations used in the guide |
doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Graduate Programs in Biomedical Engineering & Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering, and Civil & Environmental Engineering 2011 Peterson's, 2011-05-01 Peterson's Graduate Programs in Biomedical Engineering & Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering, and Civil & Environmental Engineering contains a wealth of information on colleges and universities that offer graduate degrees in these cutting-edge fields. The institutions listed include those in the United States, Canada, and abroad that are accredited by U.S. accrediting bodies. Up-to-date data, collected through Peterson's Annual Survey of Graduate and Professional Institutions, provides valuable information on degree offerings, professional accreditation, jointly offered degrees, part-time and evening/weekend programs, postbaccalaureate distance degrees, faculty, students, degree requirements, entrance requirements, expenses, financial support, faculty research, and unit head and application contact information. Readers will find helpful links to in-depth descriptions that offer additional detailed information about a specific program or department, faculty members and their research, and much more. In addition, there are valuable articles on financial assistance, the graduate admissions process, advice for international and minority students, and facts about accreditation, with a current list of accrediting agencies. |
doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Graduate Programs in Business, Education, Health, Information Studies, Law & Social Work 2012 Peterson's, 2012-05-15 Peterson's Graduate Programs in Business, Education, Health, Information Studies, Law & Social Work 2012 contains a wealth of info on accredited institutions offering graduate degrees in these fields. Up-to-date info, collected through Peterson's Annual Survey of Graduate and Professional Institutions, provides valuable data on degree offerings, professional accreditation, jointly offered degrees, part-time & evening/weekend programs, postbaccalaureate distance degrees, faculty, students, requirements, expenses, financial support, faculty research, and unit head and application contact information. There are helpful links to in-depth descriptions about a specific graduate program or department, faculty members and their research, and more. Also find valuable articles on financial assistance, the graduate admissions process, advice for international and minority students, and facts about accreditation, with a current list of accrediting agencies. |
doctorate in construction management: American Universities and Colleges James J. Murray, 2021-06-21 No detailed description available for American Universities and Colleges. |
doctorate in construction management: British Qualifications 2018 Kogan Page Editorial, 2017-12-03 Now in its 48th edition, British Qualifications 2018 is the definitive one-volume guide to every qualification on offer in the United Kingdom. With an equal focus on both academic and vocational studies, this essential guide has full details of all institutions and organizations involved in the provision of further and higher education and is an essential reference source for careers advisors, students and employers. It also includes a comprehensive and up-to-date description of the structure of further and higher education in the UK. British Qualifications 2018 has been fully updated and includes valuable information on awards provided by over 350 professional institutions and accrediting bodies, details of academic universities and colleges and a full description of the current framework of academic and vocational education. It is compiled and checked annually to ensure accuracy of information. |
doctorate in construction management: Handbook of Drivers of Continuous Improvement in Construction Health, Safety, and Wellbeing Nnedinma Umeokafor, Fidelis Emuze, Che Khairil Izam Che Ibrahim, Riza Yosia Sunindijo, Tariq Umar, Abimbola Windapo, Jochen Teizer, 2024-11-29 This Handbook presents opportunities, best practices, and case studies backed by cutting edge research on the drivers of continuous improvement of health, safety, and wellbeing in the architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management sector. The book consists of 23 chapters with six themes covering: ● Drivers of the business case for healthier and safer construction ● Opportunities and drivers of digital technologies for improving health and safety ● Drivers of human factors for improving health and safety ● Drivers of safer design and procurement ● Drivers of better health and wellbeing for construction. ● Opportunities for driving equality and inclusivity for safer construction. The book will be beneficial to academics, undergraduate and postgraduate (research and taught) students, professional institutions (such as the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health), health and safety professionals (health and safety officers, consultants and managers), occupational health professionals, mental health and wellbeing professionals, construction managers, architects, project professionals, engineers (design, construction, project, site, electrical, mechanical, civil, building services, and structural), facilities managers, quantity surveyors, and site managers. The aim of the book is to provide critical perspectives alongside evidence based practical examples of success stories, that should inspire readers and engender continuous improvement in health, safety, and wellbeing in the construction industry. |
doctorate in construction management: People and Places in Project Management Research Michael Young, 2017-01-06 This book is the second in a series of volumes focused on publishing the latest thinking and findings in the field of project management research. It focuses on people and places and their role in projects and project management, and draws from conference papers presented at the Australian Institute of Project Management national conferences held in Australia in 2012, 2013 and 2014. Contributors here consist of both academics and practitioners with authors representing the latest developments in Australia, Indonesia and Saudi Arabia. The book brings together papers focused on the themes of project management offices; stakeholders; complexity; and risk management. It concludes with three case studies on the application of project management in specific contexts. |
doctorate in construction management: Graduate Science Education Student Support and Postdoctorals National Science Foundation (U.S.), 1974 |
doctorate in construction management: American Universities and Colleges Praeger Publishers, 2010-04-16 For well over a half century, American Universities and Colleges has been the most comprehensive and highly respected directory of four-year institutions of higher education in the United States. A two-volume set that Choice magazine hailed as a most important resource in its November 2006 issue, this revised edition features the most up-to-date statistical data available to guide students in making a smart yet practical decision in choosing the university or college of their dreams. In addition, the set serves as an indispensable reference source for parents, college advisors, educators, and public, academic, and high school librarians. These two volumes provide extensive information on 1,900 institutions of higher education, including all accredited colleges and universities that offer at least the baccalaureate degree. This essential resource offers pertinent, statistical data on such topics as tuition, room and board; admission requirements; financial aid; enrollments; student life; library holdings; accelerated and study abroad programs; departments and teaching staff; buildings and grounds; and degrees conferred. Volume two of the set provides four indexes, including an institutional Index, a subject accreditation index, a levels of degrees offered index, and a tabular index of summary data by state. These helpful indexes allow readers to find information easily and to make comparisons among institutions effectively. Also contained within the text are charts and tables that provide easy access to comparative data on relevant topics. |
doctorate in construction management: American Universities and Colleges , 2014-10-08 No detailed description available for American Universities and Colleges. |
doctorate in construction management: CompetitiveEdge:A Guide to Business Programs 2013 Peterson's, 2013-04-15 Peterson's CompetitiveEdge: A Guide to Graduate Business Programs 2013 is a user-friendly guide to hundreds of graduate business programs in the United States, Canada, and abroad. Readers will find easy-to-read narrative descriptions that focus on the essential information that defines each business school or program, with photos offering a look at the faces of students, faculty, and important campus locales. Quick Facts offer indispensible data on costs and financial aid information, application deadlines, valuable contact information, and more. Also includes enlightening articles on today's MBA degree, admissions and application advice, new business programs, and more. |
doctorate in construction management: Graduate Programs in Engineering and Computer Science , 2002 |
doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Guide to Graduate Programs in Engineering and Applied Sciences , 1985 |
doctorate in construction management: Leadership in Architectural Research Hazem Rashed-Ali, Shelley Roff, 2009 |
doctorate in construction management: Doing Research in Organizations (RLE: Organizations) Alan Bryman, 2013-05-02 This textbook provides first-hand, inside accounts of the process of doing research in organizations. It is intended both for students of research methods in sociology and social psychology, and for students of organization studies, organizational behaviour and management. The contributors tackle such problems as: gaining access to organizations, ‘getting on’ in organizations, quantitative and qualitative styles of investigation, the use of historical materials, the effects of resources on the context of research, the part played by political factors in organizational research, the relevance of grounded theory and conducting research within a cross-cultural framework. |
doctorate in construction management: Handbook of Construction Management Abdul Razzak Rumane, 2016-08-05 The book is developed to provide significant information and guidelines to construction and project management professionals (owners, designers, consultants, construction managers, project managers, supervisors, contractors, builders, developers, and many others from the construction-related industry) involved in construction projects (mainly civil construction projects, commercial-A/E projects) and construction-related industries. It covers the importance of construction management principles, procedures, concepts, methods, and tools, and their applications to various activities/components/subsystems of different phases of the life cycle of a construction project. These applications will improve the construction process in order to conveniently manage the project and make the project most qualitative, competitive, and economical. It also discuss the interaction and/or combination among some of the activities/elements of management functions, management processes, and their effective implementation and applications that are essential throughout the life cycle of project to conveniently manage the project. This handbook will: Focus on the construction management system to manage construction projects Include a number of figures and tables which will enhance reader comprehension Provide all related topics/areas of construction management Be of interest to all those involved in construction management and project management Provide information about Building Information Modeling (BIM), and ISO Certification in Construction Industry Offer a chapter on Lean construction The construction project life cycle phases and its activities/elements/subsystems are comprehensively developed and take into consideration Henri Fayol's Management Function concept which was subsequently modified by Koontz and O'Donnel and Management Processes Knowledge Areas described in PMBOK® published by Project Management Institute (PMI). The information available in the book will also prove valuable for academics/instructors to provide construction management/project management students with in-depth knowledge and guidelines followed in the construction projects and familiarize them with construction management practices. |
doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Graduate Programs in Engineering and Applied Sciences, 1996 Peterson's Guides, Peterson's Guides Staff, Peterson's, 1995-12-10 Graduate students depend on this series and ask for it by name. Why? For over 30 years, it's been the only one-stop source that supplies all of their information needs. The new editions of this six-volume set contain the most comprehensive information available on more than 1,500 colleges offering over 31,000 master's, doctoral, and professional-degree programs in more than 350 disciplines.New for 1997 -- Non-degree-granting research centers, institutes, and training programs that are part of a graduate degree program.Five discipline-specific volumes detail entrance and program requirements, deadlines, costs, contacts, and special options, such as distance learning, for each program, if available. Each Guide features The Graduate Adviser, which discusses entrance exams, financial aid, accreditation, and more.Interest in these fields has never been higher! And this is the source to the 3,400 programs currently available -- from bioengineering and computer science to construction management. |
doctorate in construction management: Graduate Programs in Engineering and Applied Sciences 1984 , 1983 |
doctorate in construction management: Mechanical Engineering American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1947 |
doctorate in construction management: The Directory of Graduate Studies , 1999 |
doctorate in construction management: American Universities and Colleges American Council on Education, 1997 **** Produced in collaboration with the American Council on Education. Previous editions are cited in BCL3 and Guide to Reference Books. Arranged by state, some 1,900 institutions are covered, including 58 for the first time. Material comes directly from the institutions themselves in response to a questionnaire. Entries provide both the essential statistical data (tuition, room, board, admissions requirements, financial aid, enrollments) and other information important to decision making (e.g. student life, library holdings, physical plant, study abroad programs). Enhancing the institution profiles are sections on foreign students at US institutions, professional education, and the history of higher education in the US, among other topics. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR |
doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Annual Guides to Graduate Study Peterson's Guides, Inc, 1983 |
doctorate in construction management: Civil Engineering Education , 1979 |
doctorate in construction management: Graduate Programs in the Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences 2008 Peterson's Guides Staff, Peterson's, 2007-11 The six volumes of Peterson's Annual Guides to Graduate Study, the only annually updated reference work of its kind, provide wide-ranging information on the graduate and professional programs offered by accredited colleges and universities in the United States and U.S. territories and those in Canada, Mexico, Europe, and Africa that are accredited by U.S. accrediting bodies. Books 2 through 6 are divided into sections that contain one or more directories devoted to individual programs in a particular field. Book 2 contains more than 12,500 programs of study in 152 disciplines of the humanities, arts, and social sciences. |
doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Graduate Programs in Business, Education, Health, Information Studies, Law and Social Work Peterson's (Firm : 2006- ), Peterson's Guides, Inc, 2006-12 Detailed program listings of accredited graduate programs in the physical sciences, math, and agricultural scienes. |
doctorate in construction management: Engineering News-record , 1980 |
doctorate in construction management: Graduate Programs in Business, Education, Health, Information Studies, Law and Social Work Peterson's Guides Staff, Peterson's, 2007-12 The six volumes of Peterson's Annual Guides to Graduate Study, the only annually updated reference work of its kind, provide wide-ranging information on the graduate and professional programs offered by accredited colleges and universities in the United States and U.S. territories and those in Canada, Mexico, Europe, and Africa that are accredited by U.S. accrediting bodies. Books 2 through 6 are divided into sections that contain one or more directories devoted to individual programs in a particular field. Book 6 contains more than 19,000 programs of study in 147 disciplines of business, education, health, information studies, law, and social work. |
doctorate in construction management: Construction Project Management Alison Dykstra, 2018 Construction Project Management provides the reader with crucial background information often overlooked in other texts: The roles of the major players owners and designers, general and specialty contractors; Why contractors should avoid some jobs, and how to get the right ones; What bidding is, and why the low bid is not always the best bid; Why different types of construction contracts carry different levels of risk; Why cost estimates and schedules are keys to project success; How a contractor brings in a job on time and on budget; And much more: Alternative project delivery and BIM; Change orders and getting paid; MasterFormat; ConsensusDocs and AIA Documents; An expanded and updated introduction to Green Construction. |
doctorate in construction management: Graduate Programs in the Physical Sciences, Mathematics, Agricultural Sciences, the Environment, and Natural Resources 2009 Peterson's, 2007-11 The six volumes of Peterson's Annual Guides to Graduate Study, the only annually updated reference work of its kind, provide wide-ranging information on the graduate and professional programs offered by accredited colleges and universities in the United States and U.S. territories and those in Canada, Mexico, Europe, and Africa that are accredited by U.S. accrediting bodies. Books 2 through 6 are divided into sections that contain one or more directories devoted to individual programs in a particular field. Book 4 contains more than 3,800 programs of study in 56 disciplines of the physical sciences, mathematics, agricultural sciences, the environment, and natural resources. |
doctorate in construction management: Directory of Postgraduate Studies 2002 Hobsons Publishing, PLC, 2001 |
doctorate in construction management: Guide to Graduate Business Schools Eugene Miller, Neuman F. Pollack, 2007-08-01 Presenting up-to-date costs and latest school facts and figures, this directory profiles more than 600 accredited business schools in the United States and Canada. Details supplied for each school include admission requirements, minimum GMAT score, available academic programs, course requirements for graduation, career placement services, library, research, and computer facilities, data on both the faculty and student body, and admissions contact, with e-mail and web site addresses. The directory of schools is organized state-by-state. Additional information for prospective students includes advice on choosing a specific business school, the application procedure, financing one’s business school program, and a sample GMAT exam with answer keys and a self-evaluation chart. |
doctorate in construction management: Architectural Record , 1995 |
doctorate in construction management: Engineering News and American Contract Journal , 2002 |
doctorate in construction management: Peterson's Compact Guides , 1998 |
doctorate in construction management: Graduating Engineer , 1993 |
doctorate in construction management: Graduate Woman , 1979 |
Doctorate - Wikipedia
A doctorate (from Latin doctor, meaning "teacher") or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the …
What is the Difference Between a PhD and a Doctorate?
Jun 4, 2021 · Doctorate, or doctoral, is an umbrella term for many degrees — PhD among them — at the height of the academic ladder. Doctorate degrees fall under two categories, and here …
What Is a Doctorate or a Doctoral Degree? - U.S. News & World …
Sep 22, 2023 · A doctorate is the type of graduate degree that is usually required for tenure-track faculty positions. Learn more about this degree from industry experts here.
Find Online Doctoral Programs From Top Universities - BestColleges
Sep 17, 2024 · With a doctorate, you can become an expert in your field and qualify for leadership roles in academia, research, professional settings, and the government sector.
What Is a Doctorate? - Coursera
Feb 21, 2025 · An academic doctorate, often called a PhD (short for Doctor of Philosophy), is a research degree that typically requires completing a dissertation. Students enrolled in a PhD …
What is a Doctorate: Everything You Need to Know - Franklin …
The doctorate is the most advanced academic degree you can earn, symbolizing that you have mastered a specific academic discipline or field of profession. Doctorate degrees require a …
What Is a Doctorate? (And How To Get One in 3 Steps)
Mar 26, 2025 · In this article, we discuss what a doctorate is and the different types that exist, explore how to get a doctorate degree, discover its benefits and review the answers to some …
Doctorate Degree: What Is a Doctoral Degree? - National University
A doctorate degree — also called a doctoral degree — is the most rigorous and advanced type of degree that a student can earn in any field of study. Regardless of which academic area is …
Doctorate Degrees and PhD Programs - GradSchools.com
A Doctorate, or Doctoral Degree, is the highest level of academic degree awarded by a university. A doctorate typically signifies that the individual is qualified to teach at the post secondary …
Types of Doctorate Degree Programs: What to Consider | TUI
May 2, 2025 · There are two general types of doctorate degrees: research doctorates and professional, or applied, doctorates. A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is a research-based …
Doctorate - Wikipedia
A doctorate (from Latin doctor, meaning "teacher") or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the …
What is the Difference Between a PhD and a Doctorate?
Jun 4, 2021 · Doctorate, or doctoral, is an umbrella term for many degrees — PhD among them — at the height of the academic ladder. Doctorate degrees fall under two categories, and here …
What Is a Doctorate or a Doctoral Degree? - U.S. News & World …
Sep 22, 2023 · A doctorate is the type of graduate degree that is usually required for tenure-track faculty positions. Learn more about this degree from industry experts here.
Find Online Doctoral Programs From Top Universities - BestColleges
Sep 17, 2024 · With a doctorate, you can become an expert in your field and qualify for leadership roles in academia, research, professional settings, and the government sector.
What Is a Doctorate? - Coursera
Feb 21, 2025 · An academic doctorate, often called a PhD (short for Doctor of Philosophy), is a research degree that typically requires completing a dissertation. Students enrolled in a PhD …
What is a Doctorate: Everything You Need to Know - Franklin …
The doctorate is the most advanced academic degree you can earn, symbolizing that you have mastered a specific academic discipline or field of profession. Doctorate degrees require a …
What Is a Doctorate? (And How To Get One in 3 Steps)
Mar 26, 2025 · In this article, we discuss what a doctorate is and the different types that exist, explore how to get a doctorate degree, discover its benefits and review the answers to some …
Doctorate Degree: What Is a Doctoral Degree? - National University
A doctorate degree — also called a doctoral degree — is the most rigorous and advanced type of degree that a student can earn in any field of study. Regardless of which academic area is …
Doctorate Degrees and PhD Programs - GradSchools.com
A Doctorate, or Doctoral Degree, is the highest level of academic degree awarded by a university. A doctorate typically signifies that the individual is qualified to teach at the post secondary …
Types of Doctorate Degree Programs: What to Consider | TUI
May 2, 2025 · There are two general types of doctorate degrees: research doctorates and professional, or applied, doctorates. A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is a research-based …