Advertisement
| double-blind crossover study: Small Clinical Trials Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on Strategies for Small-Number-Participant Clinical Research Trials, 2001-01-01 Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a large trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false. Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement. |
| double-blind crossover study: Clinical Trials in Neurology Bernard Ravina, Jeffrey Cummings, Michael McDermott, R. Michael Poole, 2012-04-12 Translating laboratory discoveries into successful therapeutics can be difficult. Clinical Trials in Neurology aims to improve the efficiency of clinical trials and the development of interventions in order to enhance the development of new treatments for neurologic diseases. It introduces the reader to the key concepts underpinning trials in the neurosciences. This volume tackles the challenges of developing therapies for neurologic disorders from measurement of agents in the nervous system to the progression of clinical signs and symptoms through illustrating specific study designs and their applications to different therapeutic areas. Clinical Trials in Neurology covers key issues in Phase I, II and III clinical trials, as well as post-marketing safety surveillance. Topics addressed include regulatory and implementation issues, outcome measures and common problems in drug development. Written by a multidisciplinary team, this comprehensive guide is essential reading for neurologists, psychiatrists, neurosurgeons, neuroscientists, statisticians and clinical researchers in the pharmaceutical industry. |
| double-blind crossover study: Ending Medical Reversal Vinayak K. Prasad, Adam S. Cifu, 2019-05-14 Why medicine adopts ineffective or harmful medical practices only to abandon them—sometimes too late. Medications such as Vioxx and procedures such as vertebroplasty for back pain are among the medical advances that turned out to be dangerous or useless. What Dr. Vinayak K. Prasad and Dr. Adam S. Cifu call medical reversal happens when doctors start using a medication, procedure, or diagnostic tool without a robust evidence base—and then stop using it when it is found not to help, or even to harm, patients. In Ending Medical Reversal, Drs. Prasad and Cifu narrate fascinating stories from every corner of medicine to explore why medical reversals occur, how they are harmful, and what can be done to avoid them. They explore the difference between medical innovations that improve care and those that only appear to be promising. They also outline a comprehensive plan to reform medical education, research funding and protocols, and the process for approving new drugs that will ensure that more of what gets done in doctors' offices and hospitals is truly effective. |
| double-blind crossover study: Good Research Practice in Non-Clinical Pharmacology and Biomedicine Anton Bespalov, Martin C. Michel, Thomas Steckler, 2020-01-01 This open access book, published under a CC BY 4.0 license in the Pubmed indexed book series Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, provides up-to-date information on best practice to improve experimental design and quality of research in non-clinical pharmacology and biomedicine. |
| double-blind crossover study: Practical Biostatistics Mendel Suchmacher, Mauro Geller, 2012-07-26 Evidence-based medicine aims to apply the best available evidence gained from the scientific method to medical decision making. It is a practice that uses statistical analysis of scientific methods and outcomes to drive further experimentation and diagnosis. The profusion of evidence-based medicine in medical practice and clinical research has produced a need for life scientists and clinical researchers to assimilate biostatistics into their work to meet efficacy and practical standards. Practical Biostatistics provides researchers, medical professionals, and students with a friendly, practical guide to biostatistics. With a detailed outline of implementation steps complemented by a review of important topics, this book can be used as a quick reference or a hands-on guide to effectively incorporate biostatistics in clinical trials. - Customized presentation for biological investigators with examples taken from current clinical trials in multiple disciplines - Clear and concise definitions and examples provide a pragmatic guide to bring clarity to the applications of statistics in improving human health - Addresses the challenge of assimilation of mathematical concepts to better interpret literature, to build stronger studies, to present research effectively, and to improve communication with supporting biostatisticians |
| double-blind crossover study: Principles and Practice of Clinical Trial Medicine Richard Chin, Bruce Y Lee, 2008-07-25 Clinical trials are an important part of medicine and healthcare today, deciding which treatments we use to treat patients. Anyone involved in healthcare today must know the basics of running and interpreting clinical trial data. Written in an easy-to-understand style by authors who have considerable expertise and experience in both academia and industry, Principles and Practice of Clinical Trial Medicine covers all of the basics of clinical trials, from legal and ethical issues to statistics, to patient recruitment and reporting results. - Jargon-free writing style enables those with less experience to run their own clinical trials and interpret data - Book contains an ideal mix of theory and practice so researchers will understand both the rationale and logistics to clinical trial medicine - Expert authorship whose experience includes running clinical trials in an academic as well as industry settings - Numerous illustrations reinforce and elucidate key concepts and add to the book's overall pedagogy |
| double-blind crossover study: Clinical Research Computing Prakash Nadkarni, 2016-04-29 Clinical Research Computing: A Practitioner's Handbook deals with the nuts-and-bolts of providing informatics and computing support for clinical research. The subjects that the practitioner must be aware of are not only technological and scientific, but also organizational and managerial. Therefore, the author offers case studies based on real life experiences in order to prepare the readers for the challenges they may face during their experiences either supporting clinical research or supporting electronic record systems. Clinical research computing is the application of computational methods to the broad field of clinical research. With the advent of modern digital computing, and the powerful data collection, storage, and analysis that is possible with it, it becomes more relevant to understand the technical details in order to fully seize its opportunities. - Offers case studies, based on real-life examples where possible, to engage the readers with more complex examples - Provides studies backed by technical details, e.g., schema diagrams, code snippets or algorithms illustrating particular techniques, to give the readers confidence to employ the techniques described in their own settings - Offers didactic content organization and an increasing complexity through the chapters |
| double-blind crossover study: Design and Analysis of Cross-Over Trials, Second Edition Byron Jones, Michael G. Kenward, 2003-03-12 The first edition of Design and Analysis of Cross-Over Trials quickly became the standard reference on the subject and has remained so for more than 12 years. In that time, however, the use of cross-over trials has grown rapidly, particularly in the pharmaceutical arena, and researchers have made a number of advances in both the theory and methods applicable to these trials. Completely revised and updated, the long-awaited second edition of this classic text retains its predecessor's careful balance of theory and practice while incorporating new approaches, more data sets, and a broader scope. Enhancements in the second edition include: A new chapter on bioequivalence Recently developed methods for analyzing longitudinal continuous and categorical data Real-world examples using the SAS system A comprehensive catalog of designs, datasets, and SAS programs available on a companion Web site at www.crcpress.com The authors' exposition gives a clear, unified account of the design and analysis of cross-over trials from a statistical perspective along with their methodological underpinnings. With SAS programs and a thorough treatment of design issues, Design and Analysis of Cross-Over Trials, Second Edition sets a new standard for texts in this area and undoubtedly will be of direct practical value for years to come. |
| double-blind crossover study: Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery Linda Carlson, Michael Speca, 2011-02-03 A Mind-Body Approach to Healing If you have received a cancer diagnosis, you know that the hundreds of questions and concerns you have about what's to come can be as stressful as the cancer treatment itself. But research shows that if you mentally prepare yourself to handle cancer treatment by getting stress and anxiety under control, you can improve your quality of life and become an active participant in your own recovery. Created by leading psychologists specializing in oncology, the Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery program is based on mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), a therapeutic combination of mindfulness meditation and gentle yoga now offered to cancer survivors and their loved ones in hundreds of medical centers, hospitals, and clinics worldwide. Let this book be your guide as you let go of fear and focus on getting well. With this eight-week program, you'll learn to: • Use proven MBSR skills during your treatment and recovery • Boost your immune function through meditation and healing yoga • Calm feelings of fear, uncertainty, and lack of control • Mindfully manage difficult symptoms and side effects • Discover your own capacity for healing and thriving after adversity |
| double-blind crossover study: Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research , 2009-05-27 As a truly translational area of biomedical investigation, epilepsy research spans an extraordinary breadth of subjects and involves virtually every tool that modern neuroscience has at its disposal. The Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research provides an up to date, comprehensive reference for all epilepsy researchers. With an expert list of authors, the encyclopedia covers the full spectrum of research activities from genes and molecules to animal models and human patients. The encyclopedia's electronic format also provides unparalleled access to frequent updates and additions, while the limited edition print version provides another option for owning this content. The Encyclopedia of Basic Epilepsy Research is an essential resource for researchers of all levels and clinicians who study epilepsy. The only comprehensive reference for basic research and current activities in epilepsy Electronic format provides fast and easy access to updates and additions, with limited print version available as well Contains over 85 articles, all written by experts in epilepsy research |
| double-blind crossover study: Calcium Channel Blocking Agents in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders Peter H. Stone, Elliott M. Antman, 1983 |
| double-blind crossover study: Principles and Practice of Clinical Trials Steven Piantadosi, Curtis L. Meinert, 2022-07-19 This is a comprehensive major reference work for our SpringerReference program covering clinical trials. Although the core of the Work will focus on the design, analysis, and interpretation of scientific data from clinical trials, a broad spectrum of clinical trial application areas will be covered in detail. This is an important time to develop such a Work, as drug safety and efficacy emphasizes the Clinical Trials process. Because of an immense and growing international disease burden, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies continue to develop new drugs. Clinical trials have also become extremely globalized in the past 15 years, with over 225,000 international trials ongoing at this point in time. Principles in Practice of Clinical Trials is truly an interdisciplinary that will be divided into the following areas: 1) Clinical Trials Basic Perspectives 2) Regulation and Oversight 3) Basic Trial Designs 4) Advanced Trial Designs 5) Analysis 6) Trial Publication 7) Topics Related Specific Populations and Legal Aspects of Clinical Trials The Work is designed to be comprised of 175 chapters and approximately 2500 pages. The Work will be oriented like many of our SpringerReference Handbooks, presenting detailed and comprehensive expository chapters on broad subjects. The Editors are major figures in the field of clinical trials, and both have written textbooks on the topic. There will also be a slate of 7-8 renowned associate editors that will edit individual sections of the Reference. |
| double-blind crossover study: Clinical Pharmacy Education, Practice and Research Dixon Thomas, 2018-11-23 Clinical Pharmacy Education, Practice and Research offers readers a solid foundation in clinical pharmacy and related sciences through contributions by 83 leading experts in the field from 25 countries. This book stresses educational approaches that empower pharmacists with patient care and research competencies. The learning objectives and writing style of the book focus on clarifying the concepts comprehensively for a pharmacist, from regular patient counseling to pharmacogenomics practice. It covers all interesting topics a pharmacist should know. This book serves as a basis to standardize and coordinate learning to practice, explaining basics and using self-learning strategies through online resources or other advanced texts. With an educational approach, it guides pharmacy students and pharmacists to learn quickly and apply. Clinical Pharmacy Education, Practice and Research provides an essential foundation for pharmacy students and pharmacists globally. - Covers the core information needed for pharmacy practice courses - Includes multiple case studies and practical situations with 70% focused on practical clinical pharmacology knowledge - Designed for educational settings, but also useful as a refresher for advanced students and researchers |
| double-blind crossover study: Critical Appraisal of Epidemiological Studies and Clinical Trials Mark Elwood, 2007-02-22 This book presents a logical system of critical appraisal, to allow readers to evaluate studies and to carry out their own studies more effectively. This system emphasizes the central importance of cause and effect relationships. Its great strength is that it is applicable to a wide range of issues, and both to intervention trials and observational studies. This system unifies the often different approaches used in epidemiology, health services research, clinical trials, and evidence-based medicine, starting from a logical consideration of cause and effect. The author's approach to the issues of study design, selection of subjects, bias, confounding, and the place of statistical methods has been praised for its clarity and interest. Systematic reviews, meta-analysis, and the applications of this logic to evidence-based medicine, knowledge-based health care, and health practice and policy are discussed. Current and often controversial examples are used, including screening for prostate cancer, publication bias in psychiatry, public health issues in developing countries, and conflicts between observational studies and randomized trials. Statistical issues are explained clearly without complex mathematics, and the most useful methods are summarized in the appendix. The final chapters give six applications of the critical appraisal of major studies: randomized trials of medical treatment and prevention, a prospective and a retrospective cohort study, a small matched case-control study, and a large case-control study. In these chapters, sections of the original papers are reproduced and the original studies placed in context by a summary of current developments. |
| double-blind crossover study: Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research Stephen S. Senn, 2003-07-25 Cross-over trials are an important class of design used in the pharmaceutical industry and medical research, and their use continues to grow. Cross-over Trials in Clinical Research, Second Edition has been fully updated to include the latest methodology used in the design and analysis of cross-over trials. It includes more background material, greater coverage of important statistical techniques, including Bayesian methods, and discussion of analysis using a number of statistical software packages. * Comprehensive coverage of the design and analysis of cross-over trials. * Each technique is carefully explained and the mathematics is kept to a minimum. * Features many real and original examples, taken from the author's vast experience. * Includes discussion of analysis using SAS, S-Plus and, GenStat, StatXact and Excel. * Written in a style suitable for statisticians and physicians alike. * Computer programs to accompany the examples in the book can be downloaded from the Web Primarily aimed at statisticians and researchers working in the pharmaceutical industry, the book will also appeal to physicians involved in clinical research and students of medical statistics. |
| double-blind crossover study: Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs Jeffrey K. Aronson, 2015-10-15 Meyler's Side Effects of Drugs: The International Encyclopedia of Adverse Drug Reactions and Interactions, Sixteenth Edition, Seven Volume Set builds on the success of the 15 previous editions, providing an extensively reorganized and expanded resource that now comprises more than 1,500 individual drug articles with the most complete coverage of adverse reactions and interactions found anywhere. Each article contains detailed and authoritative information about the adverse effects of each drug, with comprehensive references to the primary literature, making this a must–have reference work for any academic or medical library, pharmacologist, regulatory organization, hospital dispensary, or pharmaceutical company. The online version of the book provides an unparalleled depth of coverage and functionality by offering convenient desktop access and enhanced features such as increased searchability, extensive internal cross-linking, and fully downloadable and printable full-text, HTML or PDF articles. Enhanced encyclopedic format with drug monographs now organized alphabetically Completely expanded coverage of each drug, with more than 1,500 drug articles and information on adverse reactions and interactions Clearer, systematic organization of information for easier reading, including case histories to provide perspective on each listing Extensive bibliography with over 40,000 references A must–have reference work for any academic or medical library, pharmacologist, regulatory organization, hospital dispensary, or pharmaceutical company |
| double-blind crossover study: Principles of Research Design and Drug Literature Evaluation Rajender R. Aparasu, John P. Bentley, 2014-03-07 Principles of Research Design and Drug Literature Evaluation is a unique resource that provides a balanced approach covering critical elements of clinical research, biostatistical principles, and scientific literature evaluation techniques for evidence-based medicine. This accessible text provides comprehensive course content that meets and exceeds the curriculum standards set by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE). Written by expert authors specializing in pharmacy practice and research, this valuable text will provide pharmacy students and practitioners with a thorough understanding of the principles and practices of drug literature evaluation with a strong grounding in research and biostatistical principles. Principles of Research Design and Drug Literature Evaluation is an ideal foundation for professional pharmacy students and a key resource for pharmacy residents, research fellows, practitioners, and clinical researchers. FEATURES * Chapter Pedagogy: Learning Objectives, Review Questions, References, and Online Resources * Instructor Resources: PowerPoint Presentations, Test Bank, and an Answer Key * Student Resources: a Navigate Companion Website, including Crossword Puzzles, Interactive Flash Cards, Interactive Glossary, Matching Questions, and Web Links From the Foreword: This book was designed to provide and encourage practitioner’s development and use of critical drug information evaluation skills through a deeper understanding of the foundational principles of study design and statistical methods. Because guidance on how a study’s limited findings should not be used is rare, practitioners must understand and evaluate for themselves the veracity and implications of the inherently limited primary literature findings they use as sources of drug information to make evidence-based decisions together with their patients. The editors organized the book into three supporting sections to meet their pedagogical goals and address practitioners’ needs in translating research into practice. Thanks to the editors, authors, and content of this book, you can now be more prepared than ever before for translating research into practice. L. Douglas Ried, PhD, FAPhA Editor-in-Chief Emeritus, Journal of the American Pharmacists Association Professor and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, Texas |
| double-blind crossover study: The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on the Health Effects of Marijuana: An Evidence Review and Research Agenda, 2017-03-31 Significant changes have taken place in the policy landscape surrounding cannabis legalization, production, and use. During the past 20 years, 25 states and the District of Columbia have legalized cannabis and/or cannabidiol (a component of cannabis) for medical conditions or retail sales at the state level and 4 states have legalized both the medical and recreational use of cannabis. These landmark changes in policy have impacted cannabis use patterns and perceived levels of risk. However, despite this changing landscape, evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects of cannabis use remains elusive. While a myriad of studies have examined cannabis use in all its various forms, often these research conclusions are not appropriately synthesized, translated for, or communicated to policy makers, health care providers, state health officials, or other stakeholders who have been charged with influencing and enacting policies, procedures, and laws related to cannabis use. Unlike other controlled substances such as alcohol or tobacco, no accepted standards for safe use or appropriate dose are available to help guide individuals as they make choices regarding the issues of if, when, where, and how to use cannabis safely and, in regard to therapeutic uses, effectively. Shifting public sentiment, conflicting and impeded scientific research, and legislative battles have fueled the debate about what, if any, harms or benefits can be attributed to the use of cannabis or its derivatives, and this lack of aggregated knowledge has broad public health implications. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids provides a comprehensive review of scientific evidence related to the health effects and potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis. This report provides a research agendaâ€outlining gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for providing additional insight into these issuesâ€that summarizes and prioritizes pressing research needs. |
| double-blind crossover study: Management of Psoriasis Nikhil Yawalkar, 2009 Treatments for psoriasis, besides affecting the skin, may be associated with various comorbidities (for instance, depression, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease and, in severe psoriasis, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases), which often presents a therapeutic challenge to physicians.Written by renowned experts, this volume gives a comprehensive overview of psoriasis and its various comorbidities. It describes the treatment modalities for mild and moderate-to-severe psoriasis, including topical, phototherapeutic and conventional systemic treatments (e.g. acitretine, methotrexate and cyclosporine), as well as biological therapies (e.g. alefacept, efalizumab, etanercept, adalimumab and infliximab). The chapters on biological therapies focus on key safety issues. Further chapters focus on such topics as the management of childhood psoriasis and psoriasis in distinctive locations, such as the scalp, face, flexures, palm/soles and nails. Finally, future therapeutic modalities, with the focus on small molecules and potential biological therapies, are discussed.This publication will make significant reading to dermatologists and all physicians dealing with psoriasis, such as general practitioners, psychiatrists, rheumatologists, cardiologists and diabetologists. |
| double-blind crossover study: The Clinical Trial Protocol Sue Fitzpatrick, 2005-12 |
| double-blind crossover study: Digital Workflows and Material Sciences in Dental Medicine Tim Joda, 2021 The trend of digitalization is an omnipresent phenomenon nowadays - in social life and in the dental community. Advancement in digital technology has fostered research into new dental materials for the use of these workflows, particularly in the field of prosthodontics and oral implantology.CAD/CAM-technology has been the game changer for the production of tooth-borne and implant-supported (monolithic) reconstructions: from optical scanning, to on-screen designing, and rapid prototyping using milling or 3D-printing. In this context, the continuous development and speedy progress in digital workflows and dental materials ensure new opportunities in dentistry.The objective of this Special Issue is to provide an update on the current knowledge with state-of-the-art theory and practical information on digital workflows to determine the uptake of technological innovations in dental materials science. In addition, emphasis is placed on identifying future research needs to manage the continuous increase in digitalization in combination with dental materials and to accomplish their clinical translation.This Special Issue welcomes all types of studies and reviews considering the perspectives of the various stakeholders with regard to digital dentistry and dental materials. |
| double-blind crossover study: Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis British Medical Association, 2020-08-17 At the last Annual Representative Meeting of the British Medical Association a motion was passed that `certain additional cannabinoids should be legalized for wider medicinal use.'' This report supports this landmark statement by reviewing the scientific evidence for the therapeutic use of cannabinoids and sets the agenda for change. It will be welcomed by those who believe that cannabinoids can be used in medical treatment. The report discusses in a clear and readable form the use and adverse effects of the drug for nausea, multiple sclerosis, pain, epilepsy, glaucoma, and asthma. |
| double-blind crossover study: Analysis in Nutrition Research George Pounis, 2018-10-19 Analysis in Nutrition Research: Principles of Statistical Methodology and Interpretation of the Results describes, in a comprehensive manner, the methodologies of quantitative analysis of data originating specifically from nutrition studies. The book summarizes various study designs in nutrition research, research hypotheses, the proper management of dietary data, and analytical methodologies, with a specific focus on how to interpret the results of any given study. In addition, it provides a comprehensive overview of the methodologies used in study design and the management and analysis of collected data, paying particular attention to all of the available, modern methodologies and techniques. Users will find an overview of the recent challenges and debates in the field of nutrition research that will define major research hypotheses for research in the next ten years. Nutrition scientists, researchers and undergraduate and postgraduate students will benefit from this thorough publication on the topic. - Provides a comprehensive presentation of the various study designs applied in nutrition research - Contains a parallel description of statistical methodologies used for each study design - Presents data management methodologies used specifically in nutrition research - Describes methodologies using both a theoretical and applied approach - Illustrates modern techniques in dietary pattern analysis - Summarizes current topics in the field of nutrition research that will define major research hypotheses for research in the next ten years |
| double-blind crossover study: Public Health Research Methods Greg Guest, Emily E. Namey, 2015 Providing a comprehensive foundation for planning, executing, and monitoring public health research of all types, this book goes beyond traditional epidemiologic research designs to cover technology-based approaches emerging in the new public health landscape. |
| double-blind crossover study: Itch E. Carstens, Tasuku Akiyama, 2014-02-25 Advances in itch research have elucidated differences between itch and pain but have also blurred the distinction between them. There is a long debate about how somatic sensations including touch, pain, itch, and temperature sensitivity are encoded by the nervous system. Research suggests that each sensory modality is processed along a fixed, direct-line communication system from the skin to the brain. Itch: Mechanisms and Treatment presents a timely update on all aspects of itch research and the clinical treatment of itch that accompanies many dermatological conditions including psoriasis, neuropathic itch, cutaneous t-cells lymphomas, and systemic diseases such as kidney and liver disease and cancer. Composed of contributions from distinguished researchers around the world, the book explores topics such as: Neuropathic itch Peripheral neuronal mechanism of itch The role of PAR-2 in neuroimmune communication and itch Mrgprs as itch receptors The role of interleukin-31 and oncostatin M in itch and neuroimmune communication Spinal coding of itch and pain Spinal microcircuits and the regulation of itch Examining new findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms, the book is a compendium of the most current research on itch, its prevalence in society, and the problems associated with treatment. |
| double-blind crossover study: Encyclopedia of Research Design Neil J. Salkind, 2010-06-22 Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. It covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research; it addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences; it provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies; and it uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases.--Publisher's description. |
| double-blind crossover study: Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care Eduardo Bruera, Irene J. Higginson, Charles F. von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita, 2021-07-15 This new edition provides the essential clinical guidance both for those embarking upon a career in palliative medicine and for those already established in the field. A team of international experts here distil what every practitioner needs to know into a practical and reliable resource. |
| double-blind crossover study: ADHD Rating Scale?5 for Children and Adolescents George J. DuPaul, Thomas J. Power, Arthur D. Anastopoulos, Robert Reid, 2016-02-15 Preceded by ADHD rating scale-IV / George J. DuPaul ... [et al.]. 1998. |
| double-blind crossover study: Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance Debasis Bagchi, Sreejayan Nair, Chandan K. Sen, 2018-10-05 Nutrition and Enhanced Sports Performance: Muscle Building, Endurance and Strength, Second Edition, includes comprehensive sections on the role of nutrition in human health, various types of physical exercises, including cardiovascular training, resistance training, aerobic and anaerobic exercises, bioenergetics and energy balance, and the nutritional requirements associated with each. Other sections cover sports and nutritional requirements, the molecular mechanisms involved in muscle building, an exhaustive review of various foods, minerals, supplements, phytochemicals, amino acids, transition metals, competition training, healthy cooking, physical training, and lifestyle and dietary recommendations for sports performance. This updated edition includes new chapters on mood, alertness, calmness and psychomotor performance in sports, extreme sports, natural myostatin inhibitor and lean body mass, the benefits of caffeine in sport nutrition formulations, the role of vitamin D in athletic performance, probiotics and muscle mass. - Provides a comprehensive appraisal of the nutritional benefits of exercise in human health - Compiles chapters reviewing the nutritional prophylaxis in human health - Addresses performance enhancement drugs and sports supplements - Presents various types of physical exercises and addresses exercise and nutritional requirements in special populations - Discusses sports nutrition and the molecular mechanisms involved in muscle building - Contains an exhaustive review of various food, minerals, supplements, phytochemicals, amino acids, transition metals, small molecules and other ergogenic agents - Highlights the aspects of healthy cooking, physical training, lifestyle and dietary recommendations for sports performance |
| double-blind crossover study: Red, White & Royal Blue Casey McQuiston, 2019-05-14 * Instant NEW YORK TIMES and USA TODAY bestseller * * GOODREADS CHOICE AWARD WINNER for BEST DEBUT and BEST ROMANCE of 2019 * * BEST BOOK OF THE YEAR* for VOGUE, NPR, VANITY FAIR, and more! * What happens when America's First Son falls in love with the Prince of Wales? When his mother became President, Alex Claremont-Diaz was promptly cast as the American equivalent of a young royal. Handsome, charismatic, genius—his image is pure millennial-marketing gold for the White House. There's only one problem: Alex has a beef with the actual prince, Henry, across the pond. And when the tabloids get hold of a photo involving an Alex-Henry altercation, U.S./British relations take a turn for the worse. Heads of family, state, and other handlers devise a plan for damage control: staging a truce between the two rivals. What at first begins as a fake, Instragramable friendship grows deeper, and more dangerous, than either Alex or Henry could have imagined. Soon Alex finds himself hurtling into a secret romance with a surprisingly unstuffy Henry that could derail the campaign and upend two nations and begs the question: Can love save the world after all? Where do we find the courage, and the power, to be the people we are meant to be? And how can we learn to let our true colors shine through? Casey McQuiston's Red, White & Royal Blue proves: true love isn't always diplomatic. I took this with me wherever I went and stole every second I had to read! Absorbing, hilarious, tender, sexy—this book had everything I crave. I’m jealous of all the readers out there who still get to experience Red, White & Royal Blue for the first time! - Christina Lauren, New York Times bestselling author of The Unhoneymooners Red, White & Royal Blue is outrageously fun. It is romantic, sexy, witty, and thrilling. I loved every second. - Taylor Jenkins Reid, New York Times bestselling author of Daisy Jones & The Six |
| double-blind crossover study: Pediatric Bipolar Disorder Robert L. Findling, Robert A Kowatch, Robert M. Post, 2002-10-10 Bipolar disorders were once considered rare in children and adolescents. A growing body of scientific evidence now suggests that they may be more prevalent in this group than previously believed. At the same time, the practitioner faces significant clinical challenges in both the assessment processes and also the implementation of a treatment plan. A paucity of treatment manuals and pharmacological algorithms providing practical guidance makes the task of the clinician even more difficult, despite the fact that more is known about the assessment, neurobiology and treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder than ever before. Written by three distinguished experts, this book conveys to clinicians all the information currently available in this area. They review both the neuroscience and also the integration of rational, practical, pharmacological and psychosocial interventions. Based on what is known, a sound approach to the assessment of these youngsters can be developed. Similarly, available evidence allows practitioners to ground their treatment protocols solidly on scientific knowledge. Concise and authoritative, Pediatric Bipolar Disorders will give the reader a practical approach to both the art and science of providing the best possible clinical care to children and adolescents with the disorder. This book is written primarily for clinical psychiatrists, but will also be of interest to non-specialist doctors and other members of the health care team. |
| double-blind crossover study: Pharmacology and Therapeutics of Cough K. Fan Chung, John Widdicombe, 2008-09-30 The last decade or so has seen remarkable advances in our knowledge of cough. This applies especially to its basic mechanisms: the types of airway sensors, the phar- cological receptors on their membranes, the brainstem organization of the ‘cough centre’, and the involvement of the cerebral cortex in the sensations and the vol- tary control of cough. With the exception of the last of these, nearly all the studies have been on experimental animals rather than humans, for obvious reasons. One group of experimental studies has particular relevance to human patients, and that is the demonstration of the sensitization of cough pathways both in the periphery and in the brainstem. Similar sensitizations have been shown for patients with chronic cough or who have been exposed to pollutants, and it is reasonable to suppose that this is the basis of their cough and that the underlying mechanisms are generally similar in humans and other species. Important advances are also being made in clinical cough research. For the three main causes of clinical cough, asthma, post-nasal drip syndrome, and gast- oesophageal re?ux disease, we are beginning to understand the pathological processes involved. There remains a diagnostically obdurate group of idiopathic chronic coughers, but even for them approaches are being devised to clarify und- lying mechanisms and to establish diagnoses. Perhaps surprisingly, the ?eld in which there has been the least spectacular - vance is the therapy of cough. |
| double-blind crossover study: Progress in Cardiology Douglas P. Zipes, 1990 |
| double-blind crossover study: Assessment of Depression Norman Sartorius, Thomas A. Ban, 2012-12-06 Published on Behalf of the World Health Organization |
| double-blind crossover study: Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis Lauren B. Krupp, MD, 2004-03-01 This practical guide for physicians and other health care professionals discusses the impact of fatigue on the individual with MS, the potential etiologies underlying MS-related fatigue, its work up and diagnosis, and pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management strategies. Fatigue is perhaps the single most prevalent and disabling symptom of the multiple sclerosis, and limits patients' activity more than any other MS symptom. The identification of fatigue as a distinct clinical entity requires both art and science, and most of all, a willingness and ability to listen carefully to patients and their families. The physician's ability to obtain a comprehensive history requires a full understanding of the circumstances in which fatigue occurs (physical, cognitive, and psychosocial) and demands consideration of a large number of disorders, including anxiety, depression, excessive daytime sleepiness, pain, and spasticity, all of which may mimic or contribute to fatigue. While fatigue is almost exclusively a subjective experience, depending on the patient's ability to understand and report this symptom, there are effective methods for identifying the existence of fatigue, determining its severity, and distinguishing it from related or contributing disorders such as depression, pain, and sleep disorders. Readers will learn that fatigue need not be tolerated by the MS patient. Various therapies, support systems, and treatment of underlying affective disorders can all alleviate fatigue or reduce its impact, restoring the patient's energy levels and ability to participate in life. Virtually every MS patient with fatigue can benefit from intervention, and failing to treat the symptom of fatigue with the respect that it deserves is a serious detriment to patient care. |
| double-blind crossover study: Crossover Designs Kung-Jong Lui, 2016-08-08 A comprehensive and practical resource for analyses of crossover designs For ethical reasons, it is vital to keep the number of patients in a clinical trial as low as possible. As evidenced by extensive research publications, crossover design can be a useful and powerful tool to reduce the number of patients needed for a parallel group design in studying treatments for non-curable chronic diseases. This book introduces commonly-used and well-established statistical tests and estimators in epidemiology that can easily be applied to hypothesis testing and estimation of the relative treatment effect for various types of data scale in crossover designs. Models with distribution-free random effects are assumed and hence most approaches considered here are semi-parametric. The book provides clinicians and biostatisticians with the exact test procedures and exact interval estimators, which are applicable even when the number of patients in a crossover trial is small. Systematic discussion on sample size determination is also included, which will be a valuable resource for researchers involved in crossover trial design. Key features: Provides exact test procedures and interval estimators, which are especially of use in small-sample cases. Presents most test procedures and interval estimators in closed-forms, enabling readers to calculate them by use of a pocket calculator or commonly-used statistical packages. Each chapter is self-contained, allowing the book to be used a reference resource. Uses real-life examples to illustrate the practical use of test procedures and estimators Provides extensive exercises to help readers appreciate the underlying theory, learn other relevant test procedures and understand how to calculate the required sample size. Crossover Designs: Testing, Estimation and Sample Size will be a useful resource for researchers from biostatistics, as well as pharmaceutical and clinical sciences. It can also be used as a textbook or reference for graduate students studying clinical experiments. |
| double-blind crossover study: Validity and Inter-Rater Reliability Testing of Quality Assessment Instruments U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2013-04-09 The internal validity of a study reflects the extent to which the design and conduct of the study have prevented bias(es). One of the key steps in a systematic review is assessment of a study's internal validity, or potential for bias. This assessment serves to: (1) identify the strengths and limitations of the included studies; (2) investigate, and potentially explain heterogeneity in findings across different studies included in a systematic review; and (3) grade the strength of evidence for a given question. The risk of bias assessment directly informs one of four key domains considered when assessing the strength of evidence. With the increase in the number of published systematic reviews and development of systematic review methodology over the past 15 years, close attention has been paid to the methods for assessing internal validity. Until recently this has been referred to as “quality assessment” or “assessment of methodological quality.” In this context “quality” refers to “the confidence that the trial design, conduct, and analysis has minimized or avoided biases in its treatment comparisons.” To facilitate the assessment of methodological quality, a plethora of tools has emerged. Some of these tools were developed for specific study designs (e.g., randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, case-control studies), while others were intended to be applied to a range of designs. The tools often incorporate characteristics that may be associated with bias; however, many tools also contain elements related to reporting (e.g., was the study population described) and design (e.g., was a sample size calculation performed) that are not related to bias. The Cochrane Collaboration recently developed a tool to assess the potential risk of bias in RCTs. The Risk of Bias (ROB) tool was developed to address some of the shortcomings of existing quality assessment instruments, including over-reliance on reporting rather than methods. Several systematic reviews have catalogued and critiqued the numerous tools available to assess methodological quality, or risk of bias of primary studies. In summary, few existing tools have undergone extensive inter-rater reliability or validity testing. Moreover, the focus of much of the tool development or testing that has been done has been on criterion or face validity. Therefore it is unknown whether, or to what extent, the summary assessments based on these tools differentiate between studies with biased and unbiased results (i.e., studies that may over- or underestimate treatment effects). There is a clear need for inter-rater reliability testing of different tools in order to enhance consistency in their application and interpretation across different systematic reviews. Further, validity testing is essential to ensure that the tools being used can identify studies with biased results. Finally, there is a need to determine inter-rater reliability and validity in order to support the uptake and use of individual tools that are recommended by the systematic review community, and specifically the ROB tool within the Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) Program. In this project we focused on two tools that are commonly used in systematic reviews. The Cochrane ROB tool was designed for RCTs and is the instrument recommended by The Cochrane Collaboration for use in systematic reviews of RCTs. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale is commonly used for nonrandomized studies, specifically cohort and case-control studies. |
| double-blind crossover study: Psychopharmacology Abstracts , 1976 |
| double-blind crossover study: Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Lewis J. Rubin, Stuart Rich, 1996-11-06 Detailing state-of-the-art developments in the various aspects of primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), this practical reference explores the history, most current scientific concepts, and treatments of this disease. Includes new advances not yet formally published! Written by nearly 30 of the top international experts in the field, Primary Pulmonary Hypertension addresses the general histological features of the normal and hypertensive pulmonary vasculature and the pathology of PPH discusses etiological possibilities of pathogenesis, common morphological features, and findings in experimental models examines risks factors for PPH and looks separately at familial PPH and PPH in children presents an approach to the differential diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, emphasizing the recognition of PPH elucidates the invasive and noninvasive modalities available for obtaining qualitative and quantitative hemodynamic data for the diagnosis of PPH covers a variety of therapeutic options and much more! |
| double-blind crossover study: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Julian P. T. Higgins, Sally Green, 2008-11-24 Healthcare providers, consumers, researchers and policy makers are inundated with unmanageable amounts of information, including evidence from healthcare research. It has become impossible for all to have the time and resources to find, appraise and interpret this evidence and incorporate it into healthcare decisions. Cochrane Reviews respond to this challenge by identifying, appraising and synthesizing research-based evidence and presenting it in a standardized format, published in The Cochrane Library (www.thecochranelibrary.com). The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains methodological guidance for the preparation and maintenance of Cochrane intervention reviews. Written in a clear and accessible format, it is the essential manual for all those preparing, maintaining and reading Cochrane reviews. Many of the principles and methods described here are appropriate for systematic reviews applied to other types of research and to systematic reviews of interventions undertaken by others. It is hoped therefore that this book will be invaluable to all those who want to understand the role of systematic reviews, critically appraise published reviews or perform reviews themselves. |
What is the difference between float and double? - Stack Overflow
Dec 31, 2021 · Type double, 64 bits long, has a bigger range (*10^+/-308) and 15 digits precision. Type long double is nominally 80 bits, though a given compiler/OS pairing may store it as 12-16 …
How do I print a double value with full precision using cout?
Dec 17, 2020 · A double is a floating point type, not fixed point. Do not use std::fixed as that fails to print small double as anything but 0.000...000. For large double, it prints many digits, …
Difference between long double and double in C and C++
Apr 22, 2015 · The standard only requires that long double is at least as precise as double, so some compilers will simply treat long double as if it is the same as double. But, on most x86 …
Correct format specifier for double in printf - Stack Overflow
Format %lf is a perfectly correct printf format for double, exactly as you used it. There's nothing wrong with your code. There's nothing wrong with your code. Format %lf in printf was not …
Reading in double values with scanf in c - Stack Overflow
Oct 7, 2017 · I found out that there is a problem with the length of double on 32 bit OS, so that you are forced to use scanf("%lf", &f) to read in a double. No matter what I do, second value is …
decimal vs double! - Which one should I use and when?
Jul 22, 2009 · To clear this up double does not have 16 digits - that is only the number of meaningful digits. Floats are based around exponents in base 2 math - some base 10 numbers …
How to Code Double Quotes via HTML Codes - Stack Overflow
Feb 28, 2013 · I was just curious as to why there needs to be 3 different ways to code a double quotes in html codes, for example. – H. Ferrence Commented Feb 28, 2013 at 12:48
Difference between decimal, float and double in .NET?
Mar 6, 2009 · Double: It is also a floating binary point type variable with double precision and 64 bits size(15-17 significant figures). Double are probably the most generally used data type for …
What is the size of float and double in C and C++? [duplicate]
Aug 27, 2014 · The set of values of the type float is a subset of the set of values of the type double; the set of values of the type double is a subset of the set of values of the type long …
What does the !! (double exclamation mark) operator do in …
The double negation operator !! calculates the truth value of a value. It's actually two operators, where !!x means !(!x), and behaves as follows: If x is a false value, !x is true, and !!x is false. If …
What is the difference between float and double? - Stack Overflow
Dec 31, 2021 · Type double, 64 bits long, has a bigger range (*10^+/-308) and 15 digits precision. Type long double is nominally 80 bits, though a given compiler/OS pairing may store it as 12 …
How do I print a double value with full precision using cout?
Dec 17, 2020 · A double is a floating point type, not fixed point. Do not use std::fixed as that fails to print small double as anything but 0.000...000. For large double, it prints many digits, …
Difference between long double and double in C and C++
Apr 22, 2015 · The standard only requires that long double is at least as precise as double, so some compilers will simply treat long double as if it is the same as double. But, on most x86 …
Correct format specifier for double in printf - Stack Overflow
Format %lf is a perfectly correct printf format for double, exactly as you used it. There's nothing wrong with your code. There's nothing wrong with your code. Format %lf in printf was not …
Reading in double values with scanf in c - Stack Overflow
Oct 7, 2017 · I found out that there is a problem with the length of double on 32 bit OS, so that you are forced to use scanf("%lf", &f) to read in a double. No matter what I do, second value is …
decimal vs double! - Which one should I use and when?
Jul 22, 2009 · To clear this up double does not have 16 digits - that is only the number of meaningful digits. Floats are based around exponents in base 2 math - some base 10 …
How to Code Double Quotes via HTML Codes - Stack Overflow
Feb 28, 2013 · I was just curious as to why there needs to be 3 different ways to code a double quotes in html codes, for example. – H. Ferrence Commented Feb 28, 2013 at 12:48
Difference between decimal, float and double in .NET?
Mar 6, 2009 · Double: It is also a floating binary point type variable with double precision and 64 bits size(15-17 significant figures). Double are probably the most generally used data type for …
What is the size of float and double in C and C++? [duplicate]
Aug 27, 2014 · The set of values of the type float is a subset of the set of values of the type double; the set of values of the type double is a subset of the set of values of the type long …
What does the !! (double exclamation mark) operator do in …
The double negation operator !! calculates the truth value of a value. It's actually two operators, where !!x means !(!x), and behaves as follows: If x is a false value, !x is true, and !!x is false. If …
