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| economics of central america: The Economics of Contemporary Latin America Beatriz Armendariz, Felipe Larrain B., 2017-05-05 Analysis of Latin America's economy focusing on development, covering the colonial roots of inequality, boom and bust cycles, labor markets, and fiscal and monetary policy. Latin America is richly endowed with natural resources, fertile land, and vibrant cultures. Yet the region remains much poorer than its neighbors to the north. Most Latin American countries have not achieved standards of living and stable institutions comparable to those found in developed countries, have experienced repeated boom-bust cycles, and remain heavily reliant on primary commodities. This book studies the historical roots of Latin America's contemporary economic and social development, focusing on poverty and income inequality dating back to colonial times. It addresses today's legacies of the market-friendly reforms that took hold in the 1980s and 1990s by examining successful stabilizations and homemade monetary and fiscal institutional reforms. It offers a detailed analysis of trade and financial liberalization, twenty–first century-growth, and the decline in poverty and income inequality. Finally, the book offers an overall analysis of inclusive growth policies for development—including gender issues and the informal sector—and the challenges that lie ahead for the region, with special attention to pressing demands by the vibrant and vocal middle class, youth unemployment, and indigenous populations. |
| economics of central america: Studies in the Economics of Central America V. Bulmer-Thomas, 1988-06-18 A study explaining how the social upheavals which led to the Nicaraguan revolution and the civil wars in El Salvador and Guatemala were rooted in the export-led model followed in the region. The author also explores their efforts to achieve regional co-operation in the economic sphere. |
| economics of central america: The Political Economy of Central America since 1920 Victor Bulmer-Thomas, 1987-12-10 In this book Victor Bulmer-Thomas uses his previously unpublished estimates of the national accounts to explore economic and social development in the five Central American republics from 1920. He examines in detail variations in economic policy between countries which help to account for differences in performance. The major political developments are woven into the analysis and linked to changes in internal and external conditions. Growth under liberal oligarchic rule in the 1920s, heavily dependent on exports of coffee and bananas, was accompanied by modest reform programmes. The 1929 depression, which hit the region hard, undermined most of the reforms and ushered in a period of dictatorial rule in all republics except Costa Rica. The Second World War, particularly after the entry of the United States, at first strengthened the dictatorships, but ultimately produced challenges to rule by authoritarian caudillos. The social upheavals accompanying the post-war export-led boom forced governments in each republic to address the question of economic, social and political reform. |
| economics of central america: Latin American Economic Outlook 2019 Development in Transition OECD, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, CAF Development Bank of Latin America, European Union, 2019-09-27 The Latin American Economic Outlook 2019: Development in Transition (LEO 2019) presents a fresh analytical approach in the region. It assesses four development traps relating to productivity, social vulnerability, institutions and the environment. |
| economics of central america: Latin America's Economy Eliana A. Cardoso, Ann Helwege, 1995 Examines broad patterns of development and some economic issues facing Latin American countries. Includes a chapter outlining recurrent patterns of economic development and economic crises throughout the past 500 years. |
| economics of central america: Macroeconomics and Development Mario Damill, Martín Rapetti, Guillermo Rozenwurcel, 2016-03-15 Latin American neo-structuralism is a cutting-edge, regionally focused economic theory with broad implications for macroeconomics and development economics. Roberto Frenkel has spent five decades developing the theory's core arguments and expanding their application throughout the discipline, revolutionizing our understanding of high inflation and hyperinflation, disinflation programs, and the behavior of foreign exchange markets as well as financial and currency crises in emerging economies. The essays in this collection assess Latin American neo-structuralism's theoretical contributions and viability as the world's economies evolve. The authors discuss Frenkel's work in relation to pricing decisions, inflation and stabilization policy, development and income distribution in Latin America, and macroeconomic policy for economic growth. An entire section focuses on finance and crisis, and the volume concludes with a neo-structuralist analysis of general aspects of economic development. For those seeking a comprehensive introduction to contemporary Latin American economic thought, this collection not only explicates the intricate work of one of its greatest practitioners but also demonstrates its impact on the growth of economics. |
| economics of central america: Progress, Poverty and Exclusion Rosemary Thorp, 1998 A comprehensive Statistical Appendix provides regional and country-by-country data in such areas as GDP, manufacturing, sector productivity, prices, trade, income distribution and living standards.--BOOK JACKET. |
| economics of central america: The Economies of Latin America Cesar Rodriguez, W. Charles Sawyer, 2021-09-20 While Latin America accounts for approximately 7 percent of the world economy, easily accessible information on the economies of the region is not always easy to find. The existing literature on Latin American economics usually assumes some previous familiarity with the region and is focused on government policy choices. The Economies of Latin America is a book for the general reader needing a quick introduction to the economics of the region. The book is composed of three parts: the first explains Latin America’s economic history and a description of the central economic challenges of the region. The second offers country-specific details. The final part deals with the economic future of the region where the authors put forth a Latin American version of success. This book is a useful, in-depth introduction for students of Latin American economics as well as the general reader. |
| economics of central america: The Oxford Handbook of Latin American Economics José Antonio Ocampo, Jaime Ros, 2014-08-11 Latin America has been central to the main debates on development economics, ranging from the relationships between income inequality and economic growth, and the importance of geography versus institutions in development, to debates on the effects of trade, trade openness and protection on growth and income distribution. Despite increasing interest in the region there are few English language books on Latin American economics. This Handbook, organized into five parts, aims to fill this significant gap. Part I looks at long-term issues, including the institutional roots of Latin America's underdevelopment, the political economy of policy making, the rise, decline and re-emergence of alternative paradigms, and the environmental sustainability of the development pattern. Part II considers macroeconomic topics, including the management of capital account booms and busts, the evolution and performance of exchange rate regimes, the advances and challenges of monetary policies and financial development, and the major fiscal policy issues confronting the region, including a comparison of Latin American fiscal accounts with those of the OECD. Part III analyzes the region's economies in global context, particularly the role of Latin America in the world trade system and the effects of dependence on natural resources (characteristic of many countries of the region) on growth and human development. It reviews the trends of foreign direct investment, the opportunities and challenges raised by the emergence of China as buyer of the region's commodities and competitor in the world market, and the transformation of the Latin America from a region of immigration to one of massive emigration. Part IV deals with matters of productive development. At the aggregate level it analyzes issues of technological catching up and divergence as well as different perspectives on the poor productivity and growth performance of the region during recent decades. At the sectoral level, it looks at agricultural policies and performance, the problems and prospects of the energy sector, and the effects on growth of lagging infrastructure development. Part V looks at the social dimensions of development; it analyzes the evolution of income inequality, poverty, and economic insecurity in the region, the evolution of labor markets and the performance of the educational sector, as well as the evolution of social assistance programs and social security reforms in the region. The contributors are leading researchers that belong to different schools of economic thought and most come from countries throughout Latin America, representing a range of views and recognising the diversity of the region. This Handbook is a significant contribution to the field, and will be of interest to academics, graduate students and policy makers interested in economics, political economy, and public policy in Latin America and other developing economies. |
| economics of central america: Economic Development of Latin America Celso Furtado, 1976 This is an introductory survey of the history and recent development of Latin American economy and society from colonial times to the establishment of the military regime in Chile. In the second edition the historical perspective has been enlarged and important events since the Cuban Revolution, such as the agrarian reforms of Peru and Chile, the difficulties of the Central America Common Market and LAFTA, the acceleration of industrialisation in Brazil and the consolidation of the Cuban economy, are discussed. The statistical information has been extended to the early 1970s and the demographic data to 1975--Back cover. |
| economics of central america: An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Latin America E. Cardenas, J. Ocampo, R. Thorp, 2016-01-13 In the 1990s, 'protection', 'import substitution' and 'intervention' have become dirty words, part of the 'leyenda negra' of Latin America development in the postwar period. This book attempts a fresh look at the controversial years between the end of the Second World War and the point when, at varying dates in different countries, a discontinuity occurs in which the postwar 'style of development' ceased to play a central role in the economic evolution of the region. The analysis is based on seven case studies covering eleven countries. |
| economics of central america: Business Groups and Transnational Capitalism in Central America Benedicte Bull, F. Castellacci, Yuri Kasahara, 2015-12-11 This book investigates Central America's political economy seen through the lens of its powerful business groups. It provides unique insight into their strategies when confronted with a globalized economy, their impact on development of the isthmus, and how they shape the political and economic institutions governing local varieties of capitalism. |
| economics of central america: Discrimination in Latin America Hugo opo, Alberto Chong, Andrea Moro, 2009-12-03 While there is a strongly held belief that Latin American societies are highly discriminatory, the economic profession has found relatively little evidence for this perception, and until recently other social sciences had prevailed in the discussion of this timely and relevant topic. The development of new tools for analyzing the economic mechanisms underlying discrimination, however, has opened up several avenues for research. This book presents a set of studies on contemporary discrimination in Latin America that takes advantage of these new tools by focusing on social interactions that range from cooperation, group formation, and the impact of migration in poor families to specific markets such as housing and labor. The techniques applied include traditional regression analysis, experimental approaches, and audit studies, as well as structural methods. This wide range of analytical approaches leads to findings that confirm some of the common perceptions regarding discrimination but challenge the conventional wisdom in other regards In some instances the long-held conventional wisdom may not hold at all. Latin Americans do not discriminate more or less than inhabitants of other regions, and the discrimination that does occur appears largely to stem from lack of information on individuals a result of great interest in colleges and universities that teach courses on Latin American development both at the undergraduate and graduate level. Furthermore, this book s findings extend to the political arena, as they challenge standard policies that have been ineffective for decades. Finally, this book should be of interest to researchers, as the empirical methods employed are at the vanguard of the profession. In fact, in addition to the contribution that this volume makes to the literature on discrimination, it also has the potential to contribute more broadly to labor economics, development economics and experimental economics, as well as to Latin American studies. |
| economics of central america: The World That Latin America Created Margarita Fajardo, 2022-02-08 How a group of intellectuals and policymakers transformed development economics and gave Latin America a new position in the world. After the Second World War demolished the old order, a group of economists and policymakers from across Latin America imagined a new global economy and launched an intellectual movement that would eventually capture the world. They charged that the systems of trade and finance that bound the world’s nations together were frustrating the economic prospects of Latin America and other regions of the world. Through the UN Economic Commission for Latin America, or CEPAL, the Spanish and Portuguese acronym, cepalinos challenged the orthodoxies of development theory and policy. Simultaneously, they demanded more not less trade, more not less aid, and offered a development agenda to transform both the developed and the developing world. Eventually, cepalinos established their own form of hegemony, outpacing the United States and the International Monetary Fund as the agenda setters for a region traditionally held under the orbit of Washington and its institutions. By doing so, cepalinos reshaped both regional and international governance and set an intellectual agenda that still resonates today. Drawing on unexplored sources from the Americas and Europe, Margarita Fajardo retells the history of dependency theory, revealing the diversity of an often-oversimplified movement and the fraught relationship between cepalinos, their dependentista critics, and the regional and global Left. By examining the political ventures of dependentistas and cepalinos, The World That Latin America Created is a story of ideas that brought about real change. |
| economics of central america: Why Latin American Nations Fail Matías Vernengo, Esteban Pérez Caldentey, 2017-10-03 The question of development is a major topic in courses across the social sciences and history, particularly those focused on Latin America. Many scholars and instructors have tried to pinpoint, explain, and define the problem of underdevelopment in the region. With new ideas have come new strategies that by and large have failed to explain or reduce income disparity and relieve poverty in the region. Why Latin American Nations Fail brings together leading Latin Americanists from several disciplines to address the topic of how and why contemporary development strategies have failed to curb rampant poverty and underdevelopment throughout the region. Given the dramatic political turns in contemporary Latin America, this book offers a much-needed explanation and analysis of the factors that are key to making sense of development today. |
| economics of central america: Central America Inside Out Tom Barry, 1991 This volume surveys the politics, economics, society, culture, environment and foreign affairs of each country in this volatile region. |
| economics of central america: The Economic History of Latin America Since Independence V. Bulmer-Thomas, 2003-08-04 A comprehensive balanced portrait of the factors affecting economic development in Latin America, first published in 2003. |
| economics of central america: Coffee and Power Jeffery M. Paige, 1997 In the revolutionary years between 1979 and 1992, it would have been difficult to find three political systems as different as El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua, yet they found a common destination in democracy and free markets. Paige shows that the divergent political histories and the convergent outcome were shaped by one commodity: coffee. |
| economics of central america: The Political Economy of China-Latin America Relations in the New Millennium Margaret Myers, Carol Wise, 2016-08-12 In this book, China-Latin America relations experts Margaret Myers and Carol Wise examine the political and economic forces that have underpinned Chinese engagement in the region, as well as the ways in which these forces have shaped economic sectors and policy-making in Latin America. The contributors begin with a review of developments in cross-Pacific statecraft, including the role of private, state-level, sub-national, and extra-regional actors that have influenced China-Latin America engagement in recent years. Part two of the book examines the variety of Latin American development trajectories borne of China’s growing global presence. Contributors analyse the effects of Chinese engagement on specific economic sectors, clusters (the LAC emerging economies), and sub-regions (Central America, the Southern Cone of South America, and the Andean region). Individual case studies draw out these themes. This volume is a welcome addition to the growing body of literature on China-Latin America relations. It illuminates the complex interplay between economics and politics that has characterized China’s relations with the region as a second decade of enhanced economic engagement draws to a close. This volume is an indispensable read for students, scholars and policy makers wishing to gain new insights into the political economy of China-Latin America relations. |
| economics of central america: The Orange Economy Inter American Development Bank, Iván Duque Márquez, Pedro Felipe Buitrago Restrepo, 2013-10-01 This manual has been designed and written with the purpose of introducing key concepts and areas of debate around the creative economy, a valuable development opportunity that Latin America, the Caribbean and the world at large cannot afford to miss. The creative economy, which we call the Orange Economy in this book (you'll see why), encompasses the immense wealth of talent, intellectual property, interconnectedness, and, of course, cultural heritage of the Latin American and Caribbean region (and indeed, every region). At the end of this manual, you will have the knowledge base necessary to understand and explain what the Orange Economy is and why it is so important. You will also acquire the analytical tools needed to take better advantage of opportunities across the arts, heritage, media, and creative services. |
| economics of central america: The Costs of Inequality in Latin America Diego Sánchez-Ancochea, 2020-12-10 From the United States to the United Kingdom and from China to India, growing inequality has led to social discontent and the emergence of populist parties, also contributing to economic crises. We urgently need a better understanding of the roots and costs of these income gaps. The Costs of Inequality draws on the experience of Latin America, one of the most unequal regions of the world, to demonstrate how inequality has hampered economic growth, contributed to a lack of good jobs, weakened democracy, and led to social divisions and mistrust. In turn, low growth, exclusionary politics, violence and social mistrust have reinforced inequality, generating various vicious circles. Latin America thus provides a disturbing image of what the future may hold in other countries if we do not act quickly. It also provides some useful lessons on how to fight income concentration and build more equitable societies. |
| economics of central america: Growth, Employment, and Poverty in Latin America Guillermo Cruces, Gary S. Fields, David Jaume, Mariana Viollaz, 2017 This book examines the links between economic growth, changing employment conditions, and the reduction of poverty in Latin America in the 2000s. Our analysis answers the following broad questions: Has economic growth resulted in gains in standards of living and reductions in poverty via improved labour market conditions in Latin America in the 2000s, and have these improvements halted or been reversed since the international crisis of 2008? How do the rate and character of economic growth, changes in the various employment and earnings indicators, and changes in poverty and inequality indicators relate to each other? Our contribution is an in-depth study of the multi-pronged growth-employment-poverty nexus based on a large number of labour market indicators (twelve employment and earnings indicators and four poverty and inequality indicators) for a large number of Latin American countries (sixteen of them). The book presents a positive and hopeful set of findings for the period 2000 to 2012/13. Economic growth took place and brought about improvements in almost all labour market indicators and consequent reductions in poverty rates. But not all improvements were equal in size or caused by the same things. Some macroeconomic factors were associated with changes in labour market conditions, some of them always in the welfare-improving direction and some others always in the welfare-reducing direction. Most countries in the region suffered a deterioration in at least some labour market indicators as a consequence of the international crisis of 2008, but the negative effects were reversed very quickly in most countries. |
| economics of central america: The Age of Productivity Inter-American Development Bank, 2010-04-12 Age of Productivity offers a look at how the low productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean is preventing the region from catching up with the developed world. The authors look beyond the traditional macro explanations and dig all the way down to the industry and firm level to uncover the causes. |
| economics of central america: Financialisation in Latin America Noemi Levy, Jorge Bustamante, 2018-12-07 Financial capital continues to dominate Western economic organisations, despite major financial and economic crises. While these have not affected Latin American countries in the same way, other economic problems emerged after the reversion of loose monetary policies that debilitated the export-led growth model. This book discusses the issue of the financialised globalisation model in Latin America, looking at the region’s relationship with the international market. This edited collection is divided into three main sections. The first section discusses regional trends highlighting issues of trade and payments in financialised economies, the impact on deindustrialisation, its effect on inequality, external capital movements and monetary policies. The second section analyses the failure of comparative advantages of the export-led model in Colombia, Argentina and Mexico. Finally, the last section deals with the growth of financial balance sheets in small and developing economies such as Chile; how growth, investment and big corporation evolution were affected in Brazil and Mexico; and the effects of foreign exchange activity in Mexico. Through these discussions, this book aims to deepen the understanding of the crisis of financialisation and the export-led model, raising the question of whether it is possible for this model to continue or if it requires major readjustments to unfold economic growth. This book provides a distinctive analysis of the financialisation mechanisms in developing countries in order to emphasise affinities and differences between the countries of the region in productive and financial terms. It will be of great interest to economic and social science scholars and students, to journalists specialising on economic and development issues, and, more importantly, to policy makers. |
| economics of central america: The Economics of Crime Rafael Di Tella, Sebastian Edwards, Ernesto Schargrodsky, 2010 This title presents a survey of the crime problem in Latin America, which takes a very broad and appropriately reductionist approach to analyse the determinants of the high crime levels, focusing on the negative social conditions in the region, including inequality and poverty, and poor policy design, such as relatively low police presence. The chapters illustrate three channels through which crime might generate poverty, that is, by reducing investment, by introducing assets losses, and by reducing the value of assets remaining in the control of households. |
| economics of central america: Economic Development Strategies and the Evolution of Violence in Latin America W. Ascher, N. Mirovitskaya, 2016-01-19 Economic Development Strategies and the Evolution of Violence in Latin America explores the links between Latin American governments' economic policies and the nature and dynamics of inter-group violence. Based on the patterns of ten countries, the contributions to this volume trace the remarkable transformation from open ideological conflict to the explosion of social (seemingly apolitical) violence, the upsurge of urban crime, and the confrontations over natural resources and drugs across the region spanning from Mexico to Argentina. The variations in economic success and in conflict prevention and transformation can guide policymakers, development professionals, and activists committed to conflict-sensitive development. |
| economics of central america: Central America Mr.Dominique Desruelle, Mr.Alfred Schipke, 2008-11-24 Central America has made substantial progress in recent years in moving economic reforms forward and deepening regional and global integration. As result of these efforts, the region has experienced higher growth, increased capital inflows, and some reductions in poverty rates. But Central America remains vulnerable to adverse shocks and continues to face widespread poverty. While today Central America is in better condition to face such shocks, the current turmoil in global financial markets and U.S. growth slowdown could put at risk the hard-won gains of recent years. Faced with these challenges, the authorities are monitoring developments closely and are taking precautionary measures, but they also need to continue implementing productivity-enhancing reforms and measures aimed at reducing income inequality and poverty. |
| economics of central america: The Economics and Politics of NGOs in Latin America Carrie Meyer, 1999-07-30 Combining a political economic perspective and case studies, this book clarifies the role of Latin America's non-governmental organizations in the global community. |
| economics of central america: Central Banking in Latin America Mr.Luis Ignacio Jácome, 2015-03-17 This paper provides a brief historical journey of central banking in Latin America to shed light on the debate about monetary policy in the post-global financial crisis period. The paper distinguishes three periods in Latin America’s central bank history: the early years, when central banks endorsed the gold standard and coped with the collapse of this monetary system; a second period, in which central banks turned into development banks under the aegis of governments at the expense of increasing inflation; and the “golden years,” when central banks succeeded in preserving price stability in an environment of political independence. The paper concludes by cautioning against overburdening central banks in Latin America with multiple mandates as this could end up undermining their hard-won monetary policy credibility. |
| economics of central america: Inside The Volcano Frederick Stirton Weaver, 1994-05-08 An original, refreshingly provocative, historical interpretation of the contemporary crises in Latin America. |
| economics of central america: The Five Republics of Central America Dana Gardner Munro, 1918 |
| economics of central america: Inequality in Latin America[ , 2004 |
| economics of central america: The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Latin America Xochitl Bada, Liliana Rivera-Sánchez, 2021-04-09 The sociology of Latin America, established in the region over the past eighty years, is a thriving field whose major contributions include dependence theory, world-systems theory, and historical debates on economic development, among others. The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Latin America provides research essays that introduce the readers to the discipline's key areas and current trends, specifically with regard to contemporary sociology in Latin America, as well as a collection of innovative empirical studies deploying a variety of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The essays in the Handbook are arranged in eight research subfields in which scholars are currently making significant theoretical and methodological contributions: Sociology of the State, Social Inequalities, Sociology of Religion, Collective Action and Social Movements, Sociology of Migration, Sociology of Gender, Medical Sociology, and Sociology of Violence and Insecurity. Due to the deterioration of social and economic conditions, as well as recent disruptions to an already tense political environment, these have become some of the most productive and important fields in Latin American sociology. This roiling sociopolitical atmosphere also generates new and innovative expressions of protest and survival, which are being explored by sociologists across different continents today. The essays included in this collection offer a map to and a thematic articulation of central sociological debates that make it a critical resource for those scholars and students eager to understand contemporary sociology in Latin America. |
| economics of central america: The Economic Development of Latin America Since Independence Luis Bértola, José Antonio Ocampo, 2012-10-25 A comprehensive and accessible overview of the economic history of Latin America over the two centuries since Independence. It considers its principal problems and the main policy trends and covers external trade, economic growth, and inequality. |
| economics of central america: Power And Profits Ronald Cox, 2021-05-11 The cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union provided the context for U.S. policies toward Central America from the 1950s to the 1980s. Nonetheless, attitudes developed during the Cold War cannot explain the specific content of U.S. foreign policies toward the region. Ronald W. Cox argues that U.S. business interests have worked with policymakers to develop trade, aid and investment policies toward Central America. He reveals how the relationship between business groups and the state has been shaped by business competition, national security considerations, institutional structures, and instability in the Central American countries. Many see the state as autonomous and not influenced by business, but Cox argues that business groups have been able to take advantage of specific international circumstances to promote economic policies, thus increasing foreign investment. At the same time, division among business groups has affected foreign economic policies. This book is a provocative analysis of interest to scholars of international political economy, American foreign policy, comparative politics, and business-government relations. |
| economics of central america: The Five Republics of Central America Dana Gardner Munro, 1918 |
| economics of central america: Latin America and the World Economy Since 1800 John H. Coatsworth, Alan M. Taylor, 1998 The Latin American economies, once among the most productive in the world, were already falling behind the advancing economies of the North Atlantic by 1800. A century later, nearly all were underdeveloped. In the twentieth century, most grew respectably but none managed to catch up. What explains these trends? How important were Latin America's changing relations with the evolving global economy? What hypotheses should be rejected or modified? |
| economics of central america: The Cambridge Economic History of Latin America Victor Bulmer-Thomas, Roberto Cortes Conde, 2006 |
| economics of central america: Promessas Não Cumpridas Inter-American Dialogue (Organization), Catalina Botero, Laura Chinchilla, Ana Covarrubis, Augusto de la Torre, Alain Ize, Andrés Malamud, George Gray Molina, Robert Muggah, 2019 The volume takes a broad view of recent social, political, and economic developments in Latin America. It contains six essays, focused on salient and cross-cutting themes, that try to construct a thread or narrative about the highly diverse region, highlighting its main idiosyncrasies and analyzing where it might be headed in coming years. While the essays recognize considerable advances, they also point out setbacks and missed opportunities that have stood in the way of sustained progress. Strengthening state capacity emerges as a significant challenge. |
| economics of central america: The Cambridge History of Capitalism Larry Neal, Jeffrey G. Williamson, 2014-01-23 The first volume of The Cambridge History of Capitalism provides a comprehensive account of the evolution of capitalism from its earliest beginnings. Starting with its distant origins in ancient Babylon, successive chapters trace progression up to the 'Promised Land' of capitalism in America. Adopting a wide geographical coverage and comparative perspective, the international team of authors discuss the contributions of Greek, Roman, and Asian civilizations to the development of capitalism, as well as the Chinese, Indian and Arab empires. They determine what features of modern capitalism were present at each time and place, and why the various precursors of capitalism did not survive. Looking at the eventual success of medieval Europe and the examples of city-states in northern Italy and the Low Countries, the authors address how British mercantilism led to European imitations and American successes, and ultimately, how capitalism became global. |
Economic development patterns in the six nations of Central …
the six nations of Central America (19502018) presents studies from– a historical-structural perspective on the factors that shaped GDP growth and investment and their impact on the …
1 Introduction and Overview - IMF
Central America has received growing attention in recent years as a region that is integrating successfully into the global economy. A decade and a half after the end of civil conflicts and …
Unlocking the economic potential of Central America and the …
We classified the CAC countries into four archetypes, according to their current income level and economic growth over the last 30 years: stars, emerging, falling behind, and laggards (Exhibit …
Central American Development: Two Decades of Progress and …
Economic growth in Central America has been much less volatile than the rest of Latin America and the subregion has not experienced an economic contraction since 1982.
Logistics in Central America - World Bank
This report was developed by a team of World Bank economists and analysts in the Economics Unit of the Sustainable Development Department, Latin America & Caribbean Region. Jordan …
Section 2 Central America and the Caribbean - ECISD
Feb 5, 2020 · ECONOMICS: JOBS AND PEOPLE (Pages 225-226) Why is the Panama Canal important? Sugar cane is the Caribbean's largest export crop. Other export crops are bananas, …
THE ECONOMICS OF CENTRAL AMERICA - Cambridge …
ATLAS OF CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN. By THE DIAGRAM GROUP. (New York and London: Macmillan, 1985. Pp. 144. $40.00.) It is generally agreed that economic …
Outline: Geography and Economic Development in Latin …
The geography of Latin America is a good predictor of differences in economic development. The tropical Caribbean and the temperate Southern Cone differ greatly by
CENTRAL AMERICA - BCIE
The ‘Central America: Integration, investment and trade opportunities’ report presents relevant, updated information on the region structured in five pillars: a macroeconomic overview; …
Central America: Economic Progress and Reforms; …
This volume is the third publication on Central America that was coordinated by our team in the Western Hemisphere Department, addressing a number of issues that are currently high on the …
Analysis of Central American trade integration from the …
Central America is the most integrated subregion in Latin America and the Caribbean in terms of trade: exports within the subregion1 account for nearly 30% of total exports, and after the …
CONTRIBUTIONS TO INTEGRATION IN CENTRAL AMERICA
The proposal for development and integration in Central America put forward by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) on the basis of its considerable …
Global Economic Prospects, January 2025
Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is forecast to increase from 2.2 percent last year to an average of 2.5 percent in 2025-26. This improvement is partly driven by Argentina’s …
Central america Trade feb20 - World Bank
Since 1983 the US has granted unilateral preferential trade treatment to countries in the region through the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) while Central American countries have achieved …
Country Infrastructure Briefs: Central America, Mexico, …
Central America, Mexico, Panama, and Dominican Republic Department of Research and Chief Economist POLICY BRIEF Nº April 2019
Impact Investing in Central America - plataformaiic.org
This chapter will help contribute to an understanding of the current status of the impact investing sector in Central America, including identifying current obstacles, outlining the investment …
Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic: Trade …
promoting growth in Central America, Panama, and the Dominican Republic (CAPDR) through deeper intra-regional and global trade integration. CAPDR countries have enacted many free …
Global Economic Prospects, June 2024, Latin America and …
economic activity in the United States could positively impact Central America and the Caribbean. In conclusion, while facing economic headwinds in 2024, LAC is expected to see a gradual …
Unlocking Central America’s Export Potential - World Bank
In this report, we use the term SEZ as a generic term to encompass the range of special regimes designed to attract investment in export-oriented activities. These include free trade zones, …
Economics drives migration from Central America to the U.S.
A new report about migration, co-authored by MIT scholars, shows that economic distress is the main factor pushing migrants from Central America to the U.S.—and highlights the personal …
Perspectives: An Open Introduction to Cultural …
Central America, many indigenous people primarily make their living through small-scale subsistence maize farming. Subsistence farmers produce food for their family’s own …
Caribbean Economic Review 2022 and Outlook 2023
Source: Central Banks, Ministries of Finance, Statistical Offices, IMF, CDB. CDB ANNUAL REPORT 2022 14 Caribbean economies posted a stronger rebound in 2022 with real GDP …
Spanish Colonial Economies: An Overview of the Economy of …
The Quarterly Journal of Economics 29, no. 3 (1915) p449-450. 15 Engel Sluiter. The Gold and Silver of Spanish America: c. 1572 - 1648. (Berkeley, Calif.: Bancroft Library, Univ. of …
Fact Sheet Update on the US Strategy for Addressing the Root …
New programming in northern Central America is focused on increasing collective action to address child and forced labor and improve occupational safety and health conditions for …
South America’s economic and political landscape: recent …
South America has experienced important domestic political and economic changes while facing important external challenges over the last 10 years. It took advantage of the favourable …
How Did It Happen?: The Great Inflation of the 1970s and …
May 24, 2022 · Finance and Economics Discussion Series Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C. ISSN 1936-2854 (Print) ISSN 2767-3898 (Online) How Did It Happen?: The Great In ation …
Child labour in Central and South America - Global March
Source: Mapping on the problem of child labour and key actors in the Subregion of Central and South America. In 6 countries of Central America, an estimated of 1,969,112 children and …
The economics of climate change in Latin America and the …
This publication should be cited as: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), The economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2023: …
THE ECONOMICS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN SLAVERY: …
No historical topic has been more central to the rise, influence, and refinement of the cliometric approach than African American slavery. The first self-conscious cliometric contribution to …
The economics of climate change in Latin America and the …
Figure III.1 Central America: net output, exports, imports and apparent consumption of basic grains, 2011 ..... 48 Figure III.2 Ilopango weather station, El Salvador: increase in heavy rainfall …
Perspectives: An Open Invitation to Cultural Anthropology
Economics 3. and parts of Central America, many indigenous people primarily make their living through small-scale subsistence maize farming. Subsistence farmers produce food for their …
The Economic Consequences of Independence in Latin America
London School of Economics Houghton Street London, WC2A 2AE Tel: +44 (0) 20 7955 7860 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7955 7730. ... Central America separated from Mexico by 1823, and the …
in Latin America and the Caribbean The economics of …
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Entropy and Economics - arXiv.org
for Nicaragua, in Central America. Where the main objectives were: To estimate the production function or entropy for the macro-economic system of that country; and to formulate a …
US Immigration from Latin America in Historical Perspective
Central America Caribbean (Spanish speaking) South America Mexico Latin America and Caribbean East, Southeast, and South Asia Europe (including Russia) Africa and Middle East …
Addressing the “Root Causes” of Irregular Migration from …
Central America: An Evidence . Agenda for USAID. Abstract. Sarah Rose, Reva Resstack, Helen Dempster, Elisa Cascardi, and Jeremy Weinstein. CGD Policy Paper 243 December 2021. In …
Institute for Economics & Peace ACTIVATING GLOBAL …
Several countries in the Central America and Caribbean recorded reductions in the number of homicides, although the region still has the highest homicide rate on average of any area in the …
Integrating Income, Employment Support and Care in Latin …
The text focuses mainly on Latin America and draws specific examples from Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. It nonetheless sometimes references to countries of the makes Global Southas some …
Economic impact of disasters: Evidence from DALA …
CEPAL - Serie Estudios y perspectivas – Mexico – No 117 Economic impact of disasters: Evidence from DALA … 5 Abstract Over the last 35 years the United Nations Economic …
History of central banks - Paris School of Economics
History of central banks Eric Monnet (EHESS, Paris School of Economics & CEPR) March 2023 Forthcoming in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance Preprint version …
Natural Disaster Risk Inequalities in Central America
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The Shifting Social and Economic Tides of Black America, …
economic, and social fortunes of black America. In 1984, black America saw its first viable candidate for the presidency of the United States. In relatively short succession, black …
The Macroeconomics of Populism - National Bureau of …
tive is the central part of the paradigm. Whether they are motivated by a strat- egy of massive social reform is important and consequential, but it is not central to our discussion. For us …
THE ECONOMICS OF WORLD WAR I: A COMPARATIVE …
the Central Powers’ chance for victory in the east was destroyed by Germany’s defeat in the west. The economic advantage of the Allies over the Central Powers was substantial at the outbreak …
20 FACTS ABOUT THE NORTH AMERICAN ECONOMY
For over 25 years, free and open trade has helped North America’s economy grow, contributing to millions of well-paying, middle-class jobs. Here are the facts: 1 North America is the most …
THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS - eml.berkeley.edu
The analysis of the distribution of household wealth since 1913 yields two main findings. First, wealth inequality is making a comeback. In 2012, the wealth share of the top 0.1%
THE ECONOMICS OF INVESTING IN AMERICA
The central goal of President Biden’s plan to invest in America is to foster essential productivity gains, economic growth, and improved economic outcomes for ... THE ECONOMICS OF …
The Economics of World War I - Cambridge University Press …
1.2 The Central Powers’ populations,territories,and GDPs in 1913 10 1.3 Allies versus Central Powers: resource and development ratios 11 1.4 The wartime change in real …
Tourism in Central America, Social conflict in a new setting
In short order, tourism has become an important source of economic accumulation in Central America. Despite a downturn starting in late 2008 stemming from the international economic …
By Marc R. Rosenblum and Kate Brick - Migration Policy Institute
of US immigration policy has shaped migration from Mexico and Central America. It then describes . immigrant demographics, providing a snapshot of Mexican and Central American …
CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE UNITED STATES: REBUILDING …
also, by its openness for fruitful dialogue with various actors in politics, economics, academia and activism in Central America. We are convinced that a comprehensive and realistic vision of our …
The Civil Rights Revolution as Economic History
hope to have an impact on the broader economics profession. For most of our students, the 1950s and 1960s and probably the 1970s are history already. To our economics colleagues, some of …
VENEZUELA’S ECONOMIC COLLAPSE: IMPLICATIONS FOR …
America. Between 2012 and 2019, Venezuela’s economy shrank by 61.7%, a figure that will rise to 67.4% by the end of 2020, according to IMF forecasts. This exceeds the contraction suffered …
Livestock, Deforestation, and Policy Making: Intensification of …
Central America. (Key words: cattle, deforestation, land use, intensification) Received May 26, 1994. Accepted September 26, 1994. lFor reprints: 131 Morrison Hall. 1995 J Dairy Sci 78719 …
Impact Investing in Central America - plataformaiic.org
Economics has shown us the path towards efficient business, but it also recognizes the issues created from ignoring or failing to manage negative impacts1 of business. Additionally, …
Home Economics: A contextual study of the subject and …
Home Economics is taught in Asia, Africa, Europe, the United States, South America, Central America, and Canada. In almost every jurisdiction there is currently a shortage of Home …
International Economics, 13th ed. - wyamaka.wordpress.com
International Economics, 13th Edition Robert J. Carbaugh Vice President of Editorial, Business: Jack W. Calhoun Vice President/Marketing: Bill Hendee Publisher: Joe Sabatino
Revisiting Latin America's debt crisis: some lessons for the …
able path. Finally, we contend that Latin America's experience provides insight for dealing with the ongoing crisis of the periphery of the eurozone. Key words'. Sustainable fiscal balance, Crisis, …
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distance regional markets contracted the most year-over-year, led by the Caribbean (-26.0%) and Central America (-23.9%). Chart 3: Overseas arrivals dropped across most regions Source: …
The economics of climate change in Latin America and the …
Figure III.1 Central America: net output, exports, imports and apparent consumption of basic grains, 2011 ..... 48 Figure III.2 Ilopango weather station, El Salvador: increase in heavy rainfall …
Agricultural Production of Central America and the …
in Central America, except for Panama and El Salvador, have a positive trade balance of those products. State of the Agricultural Sector in Central American and the Caribbean . Data from …
MAY 2018 Race, Economics, And Social Status - U.S. Bureau …
households all across America. Ethnicity referred to Hispanics or Latinos, who could be of any race. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defined Hispanic or Latino as a person of …
CASE STUDY: SOUTH SUDAN - Central European University
I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all staffs of Central European University, Economics and Business Faculty in specific. God bless you all. Kind Regards Modi Denis …
The air transport sector significantly contributes to the US
Note: Latin America includes South and Central America & the Caribbean. International air traffic accounted for17% of total origin -destination (O-D) departures for the USin 2023, equal to …
mrvan.yolasite.com
5. Supply-side economics argued that by taxing the rich the economy will improve. PRACTICING SKILLS (5 points each) Study the map below and answer the questions that follow. Central …
Central America Urbanization Review - Urban Agenda Platform
Why Does Urbanization Matter for Central America? 1 How Urbanization Is Transforming Central America (Chapter 1) 3 Cities Are Where Central America’s Most Pressing Development …
Long term macro- economics assessment of Latin America
Latin America Sarah Hunter Oxford Economics. Page 2 Economic forecasts Household projections Risk •Oxford Economics’ Global Economic Model •Econometric analysis to …
Can Central America Unite? - JSTOR
CAN CENTRAL AMERICA UNITE? 671 Tihe Countries of Central America nial days of the Liberal and Conserva-tive parties. The names have a local significance and do not imply a resem …
U.S. ASSISTANCE TO CENTRAL AMERICA PROMOTES …
U.S. Global Leadership Coalition U.S. Foreign Assistance in Central America 1 Across Central America, dangerous levels of violence, corruption, poverty, and extreme weather driven by …
THE OUTLOOK FOR AGRICULTURE AND RURAL …
©United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ©Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) ©Inter-American Institute for …
