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| fringe benefits economics definition: Economic/hedonic Damages Michael L. Brookshire, Stan V. Smith, 1990 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Distribution and Economics of Employer-provided Fringe Benefits United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Social Security, 1985 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Employer Costs for Employee Compensation , 2000 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Works Councils Joel Rogers, Wolfgang Streeck, 2009-05-15 As the influence of labor unions declines in many industrialized nations, particularly the United States, the influence of workers has decreased. Because of the need for greater involvement of workers in changing production systems, as well as frustration with existing structures of workplace regulation, the search has begun for new ways of providing a voice for workers outside the traditional collective bargaining relationship. Works councils—institutionalized bodies for representative communication between an employer and employees in a single workplace—are rare in the Anglo-American world, but are well-established in other industrialized countries. The contributors to this volume survey the history, structure, and functions of works councils in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Spain, Sweden, Italy, Poland, Canada, and the United States. Special attention is paid to the relations between works councils and unions and collective bargaining, works councils and management, and the role and interest of governments in works councils. On the basis of extensive comparative data from other Western countries, the book demonstrates powerfully that well-designed works councils may be more effective than labor unions at solving management-labor problems. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Tax Treatment of Employee Fringe Benefits United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Task Force on Employee Fringe Benefits, 1978 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: The Shadow Economy Friedrich Schneider, Dominik H. Enste, 2013-02-14 This book presents new data to give an overview of shadow economies from OECD countries and propose solutions to prevent illicit work. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: A Dictionary of Economics John Black, Nigar Hashimzade, Gareth Myles, 2012-03-15 This authoritative dictionary covers all aspects of economics including theory, policy, and applied micro and macroeconomics on a global scale. An essential book for professional economists as well as for students and teachers of economics, business, and finance. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Fringe Benefits, Labour Costs and Social Security G. L. Reid, D. J. Robertson, 2021-12-10 Originally published in 1965, this book is concerned with an important yet neglected part of economic life ‘fringe benefits’ which employers provide for and on behalf of their employees apart from wages and salaries. The book sets out results of an inquiry into the costs of supplementary labour costs for manual workers, with an account of the various influences which help to explain differences in expenditure by different firms. The book then gives comparative figures for Western European countries and considers some of the economic effects of the European levels of supplementary labour costs. The situation in the USA is discussed, as is the relationship of employer-financed welfare schemes and State social security programmes. Chapters on pensions, sick pay and redundancy payments are included as well as those dealing with the history of paid holidays and subsidized welfare facilities such as canteens. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Self-employment Tax , 1988 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Communities in Action National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Committee on Community-Based Solutions to Promote Health Equity in the United States, 2017-04-27 In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: The Economics of Trade Unions Hristos Doucouliagos, Richard B. Freeman, Patrice Laroche, 2017-02-17 Richard B. Freeman and James L. Medoff’s now classic 1984 book What Do Unions Do? stimulated an enormous theoretical and empirical literature on the economic impact of trade unions. Trade unions continue to be a significant feature of many labor markets, particularly in developing countries, and issues of labor market regulations and labor institutions remain critically important to researchers and policy makers. The relations between unions and management can range between cooperation and conflict; unions have powerful offsetting wage and non-wage effects that economists and other social scientists have long debated. Do the benefits of unionism exceed the costs to the economy and society writ large, or do the costs exceed the benefits? The Economics of Trade Unions offers the first comprehensive review, analysis and evaluation of the empirical literature on the microeconomic effects of trade unions using the tools of meta-regression analysis to identify and quantify the economic impact of trade unions, as well as to correct research design faults, the effects of selection bias and model misspecification. This volume makes use of a unique dataset of hundreds of empirical studies and their reported estimates of the microeconomic impact of trade unions. Written by three authors who have been at the forefront of this research field (including the co-author of the original volume, What Do Unions Do?), this book offers an overview of a subject that is of huge importance to scholars of labor economics, industrial and employee relations, and human resource management, as well as those with an interest in meta-analysis. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: What Do Unions Do? Richard B. Freeman, 1985-10-01 Study of the impact of trade unions on working conditions and labour relations in the USA - based on a comparison of unionized workers and nonunionized workers, examines wage determination, fringe benefits, wage differentials, employment security, labour productivity, etc.; discusses trade union power and incidence of corruption among trade union officers; notes declining rate of trade unionization in the private sector. Graphs and references. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: eBook: Economics 20th Edition MCCONNELL, 2017-02-15 eBook: Economics 20th Edition |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Fringe Banking John P. Caskey, 1994-08-24 Cogently argued, fills an important gap in the literature, and is accessible to undergraduates. —Choice Dismantles the mythology surrounding pawnshops and check-cashing outlets, and demonstrates that they are no longer on the fringe of our financial system but integral to it.—San Francisco Bay Guardian In today's world of electronic cash transfers, automated teller machines, and credit cards, the image of the musty, junk-laden pawnshop seems a relic of the past. But it is not. The 1980s witnessed a tremendous boom in pawnbroking. There are now more pawnshops thanever before in U.S. history, and they are found not only in large cities but in towns and suburbs throughout the nation. As John Caskey demonstrates in Fringe Banking, the increased public patronage of both pawnshops and commercial check-cashing outlets signals the growing number of American households now living on a cash-only basis, with no connection to any mainstream credit facilities or banking services. Fringe Banking is the first comprehensive study of pawnshops and check-cashing outlets, profiling their operations, customers, and recent growth from family-owned shops to such successful outlet chains as Cash American and ACE America's Cash Express. It explains why, despite interest rates and fees substantially higher than those of banks, their use has so dramatically increased. According to Caskey, declining family earnings, changing family structures, a growing immigrant population, and lack of household budgeting skills has greatly reduced the demand for bank deposit services among millions of Americans. In addition, banks responded to 1980s regulatory changes by increasing fees on deposit accounts with small balances and closing branches in many poor urban areas. These factors combined to leave many low- and moderate-income families without access to checking privileges, credit services, and bank loans. Pawnshops and check-cashing outlets provide such families with essential financial services thay cannot obtain elsewhere. Caskey notes that fringe banks, particularly check-cashing outlets, are also utilized by families who could participate in the formal banking system, but are willing to pay more for convenience and quick access to cash. Caskey argues that, contrary to their historical reputation as predators milking the poor and desperate, pawnshops and check-cashing outlets play a key financial role for disadvantaged groups. Citing the inconsistent and often unenforced state laws currently governing the industry, Fringe Banking challenges policy makers to design regulations that will allow fringe banks to remain profitable without exploiting the customers who depend on them. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Unions and Collective Bargaining Toke Aidt, Zafiris Tzannatos, 2002 This book offers an extensive survey and synthesis of the economic literature on trade unions and collective bargaining and their impact on micro-and macro-economic outcomes. The authors demonstrate the effects of collective bargaining in different country settings and time periods. A comprehensive reference, this book will be of interest to students and scholars of labor policy as well as to policy makers and anyone with an interest in the economic consequences of unionism. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Efficiency Wage Models of the Labor Market George A. Akerlof, Janet L. Yellen, 1986-11-28 The contributors explore the reasons why involuntary unemployment happens when supply equals demand. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Progressive Consumption Taxation Robert Carroll, Alan D. Viard, 2012 The authors observe that consumption taxation is superior to income taxation because it does not penalize saving and investment and propose that the U.S. income tax system be completely replaced by a progressive consumption tax. They argue that the X tax, developed by the late David Bradford, offers the best form of progressive consumption taxation for the United States and outline concrete proposals for the X tax's treatment of numerous specific economic issues. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Hedonic Wage Equilibrium Thomas J. Kniesner, John D. Leeth, 2010 Hedonic Wage Equilibrium examines empirically and theoretically the properties of the equilibrium wage function. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Employment and Health Benefits Institute of Medicine, Committee on Employment-Based Health Benefits, 1993-02-01 The United States is unique among economically advanced nations in its reliance on employers to provide health benefits voluntarily for workers and their families. Although it is well known that this system fails to reach millions of these individuals as well as others who have no connection to the work place, the system has other weaknesses. It also has many advantages. Because most proposals for health care reform assume some continued role for employers, this book makes an important contribution by describing the strength and limitations of the current system of employment-based health benefits. It provides the data and analysis needed to understand the historical, social, and economic dynamics that have shaped present-day arrangements and outlines what might be done to overcome some of the access, value, and equity problems associated with current employer, insurer, and government policies and practices. Health insurance terminology is often perplexing, and this volume defines essential concepts clearly and carefully. Using an array of primary sources, it provides a store of information on who is covered for what services at what costs, on how programs vary by employer size and industry, and on what governments doâ€and do not doâ€to oversee employment-based health programs. A case study adapted from real organizations' experiences illustrates some of the practical challenges in designing, managing, and revising benefit programs. The sometimes unintended and unwanted consequences of employer practices for workers and health care providers are explored. Understanding the concepts of risk, biased risk selection, and risk segmentation is fundamental to sound health care reform. This volume thoroughly examines these key concepts and how they complicate efforts to achieve efficiency and equity in health coverage and health care. With health care reform at the forefront of public attention, this volume will be important to policymakers and regulators, employee benefit managers and other executives, trade associations, and decisionmakers in the health insurance industry, as well as analysts, researchers, and students of health policy. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: The Handbook of Organizational Economics Robert Gibbons, John Roberts, 2013 (E-book available via MyiLibrary) In even the most market-oriented economies, most economic transactions occur not in markets but inside managed organizations, particularly business firms. Organizational economics seeks to understand the nature and workings of such organizations and their impact on economic performance. The Handbook of Organizational Economics surveys the major theories, evidence, and methods used in the field. It displays the breadth of topics in organizational economics, including the roles of individuals and groups in organizations, organizational structures and processes, the boundaries of the firm, contracts between and within firms, and more. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: We Have Never Been Modern Bruno Latour, 2012-10-01 With the rise of science, we moderns believe, the world changed irrevocably, separating us forever from our primitive, premodern ancestors. But if we were to let go of this fond conviction, Bruno Latour asks, what would the world look like? His book, an anthropology of science, shows us how much of modernity is actually a matter of faith. What does it mean to be modern? What difference does the scientific method make? The difference, Latour explains, is in our careful distinctions between nature and society, between human and thing, distinctions that our benighted ancestors, in their world of alchemy, astrology, and phrenology, never made. But alongside this purifying practice that defines modernity, there exists another seemingly contrary one: the construction of systems that mix politics, science, technology, and nature. The ozone debate is such a hybrid, in Latour’s analysis, as are global warming, deforestation, even the idea of black holes. As these hybrids proliferate, the prospect of keeping nature and culture in their separate mental chambers becomes overwhelming—and rather than try, Latour suggests, we should rethink our distinctions, rethink the definition and constitution of modernity itself. His book offers a new explanation of science that finally recognizes the connections between nature and culture—and so, between our culture and others, past and present. Nothing short of a reworking of our mental landscape, We Have Never Been Modern blurs the boundaries among science, the humanities, and the social sciences to enhance understanding on all sides. A summation of the work of one of the most influential and provocative interpreters of science, it aims at saving what is good and valuable in modernity and replacing the rest with a broader, fairer, and finer sense of possibility. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: The Measurement of Labor Cost Jack E. Triplett, 2007-12-01 Measuring costs of labor as a portion of total production costs has never before been treated so thoroughly or so thoughtfully. Moreover, contrary to most recent labor research, this book focuses on the demand side—the employer's point of view—and the behavior studied is employer behavior. An introductory essay by the editor provides a useful guide to current thought in the analysis of labor cost. Other papers give new insights into problems encountered in accounting for the nonwage elements of labor compensation, the effect of pensions and other benefits, and the wage-measurement questions raised by incomes policies. In addition, there is a wealth of valuable new data on labor costs in the United States. Labor economists, statisticians, econometric modelers, and advisers to government and industry will welcome this up-to-date and comprehensive treatment of the costs of production. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: The Economics of Welfare Arthur Cecil Pigou, 1920 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress, 2001 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Jacaranda Key Concepts in VCE Economics 2 Units 3 and 4 11e learnON and Print Richard Morris, 2023-01-04 This combined print and digital title provides 100% coverage of the VCE Study Design for Economics. The textbook comes with a complimentary activation code for learnON, the powerful digital learning platform making learning personalised and visible for both students and teachers. Students can start preparing from lesson one, with past VCAA exam questions embedded in every lesson. Practice, customisable SACs available for all Units to build student competence and confidence. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Resources in Education , 1986 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Agricultural Economics Research , 1976 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: The Economics of Small Firms Peter Johnson, 2012-08-21 Student-friendly and international in scope and relevance, this book provides an accessible introduction to the economics of small business for those with little knowledge of economics. Economics, alongside other disciplines and interacting with them, has some important insights to offer and it is in this context that The Economics of Small Firms examines the formation, survival, growth and financing of small businesses, spatial variations in business formation, the economic role of small businesses, and key policy issues. This informative text is an essential purchase for anybody studying business and management who is eager for an easy-to-use and engaging overview of economics, entrepreneurship and small business. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress. Cataloging Policy and Support Office, 2001 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: The Flat Tax Robert E. Hall, Alvin Rabushka, 2013-09-01 This new and updated edition of The Flat Tax—called the bible of the flat tax movement by Forbes—explains what's wrong with our present tax system and offers a practical alternative. Hall and Rabushka set forth what many believe is the most fair, efficient, simple, and workable tax reform plan on the table: tax all income, once only, at a uniform rate of 19 percent. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Economy in Society Jacek Tittenbrun, 2011-07-12 This book offers an in-depth analysis of sociology, e.g. such classics as Weber, Parsons and Homans, and its adjacent social sciences with special reference to economics, including public choice theory, property rights theory, the Austrian school and others. This discussion submits many fresh observations; giving the theories under consideration their due, it at the same time exposes their flaws. In addition, the book contains a constructive programme of the research field in question, termed socio-economic structuralism, which involves many theoretical innovations, notions of ownership and class. This positive theory draws on, but is far from mimicking, achievements of the thinkers considered in the remaining parts of the book. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Family Economics Review , 1985 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Journal of Economics Missouri Valley Economic Association, 1993 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOUR LEGISLATION Sharma , R.C. , 2016-06-03 This textbook, organised into two parts and comprising 20 chapters, maintains the fundamental concepts of industrial relations and labour legislation in a chronological order. The text apprises the reader with the intricacies of the various concepts, theories, tools and techniques, approaches, methods, legislations and interventions and other concerned mechanisms that are relevant to the maintenance of good industrial relations. While the beginning and middle chapters are based on anatomy of industrial relations, viz. various concepts and approaches to IR, industrial disputes, collective bargaining, trade unions, workers’ participation in management, discipline, grievance handling procedure, wage fixation, technological changes, industrial safety, health and hygiene, workers’ education, quality circles, structuring of jobs, fringe benefits, labour policy of the Government of India, and so on, the remaining chapters give an analysis of the issues pertaining to the ILO and its impact on Indian labour legislation, the machinery of labour administration in our country, labour reforms being undertaken since the NDA Government came in power, and labour legislation, including protective and employment legislation, regulatory legislation and social security legislation. The book is intended for the postgraduate students of industrial relations and labour legislation/human resource management/personnel management and industrial relations/business economics/social work/human resource and organisation development/personnel management/public administration and also for the students pursuing postgraduate diploma courses in labour laws, labour welfare and personnel management/labour law and administrative law/personnel management and industrial relations/human resource and management. It is also of immense use to the students opting for executive programme in ‘industrial, labour and general law’ (offered by ICSI), and similar courses at undergraduate and diploma level. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Union Health and Welfare Plans ... United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1947 |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Bicycling for Transportation Melissa Bopp, Dangaia Sims, Daniel Piatkowski, 2018-04-16 Bicycling for Transportation examines the individual and societal factors of active transportation and biking behavior. The book uses an Interdisciplinary approach to provide a comprehensive overview of bicycling for transportation research. It examines the variability in biking participation among different demographic groups and the multiple levels of influence on biking to better inform researchers and practitioners on the effective use of community resources, programming and policymaking. It is an ideal resource for public health professionals trying to encourage physical activity through biking. In addition, it makes the case for new infrastructure that supports these initiatives. - Provides evidence-based insights on cost-effective interventions for improving biking participation - Includes numerous case studies and best practices that highlight multi-level approaches in a variety of settings - Explores individual and social factors related to biking behavior, such as race, gender and self-efficacy |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Forensic Economics Frank D. Tinari, 2016-12-01 This edited collection addresses the major issues encountered in the calculation of economic damages to individuals in civil litigation. In federal and state courts in the United States, as well as in other nations, when one party sues another, the suing party is required not only to prove that the harm was, indeed, caused by the other party, but also to claim and demonstrate that a specified dollar value represents just compensation for the harm. Forensic economists are often called upon to evaluate, measure, and opine on the degree of economic loss that is alleged to have occurred. Aimed at both practitioners and theorists, the original articles and essays in the edited collection are written by nationally recognized and widely published forensic experts. Its strength is in showcasing theories, methods, and measurements as they differ in a variety of cases, and in its review of the forensic economics literature developed over the past thirty years. Readers will find informative discussions of topics such as establishing earnings capacity for both adults and infants, worklife probability, personal consumption deductions, taxation as treated in federal and state courts, valuing fringe benefits, discounting theory and practice, the effects of the Affordable Care Act, the valuation of personal services, wrongful discharge, hedonics, effective communication by the expert witness, and ethical issues. The volume also covers surveys of the views of practicing forensic economists, the connection between law and forensic economics, alternatives to litigation in the form of VCF-like schedules, and key differences among nations in measuring economic damages. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: Consumer Credit and the American Economy Thomas A. Durkin, Gregory E. Elliehausen, 2014 Consumer Credit and the American Economy examines the economics, behavioral science, sociology, history, institutions, law, and regulation of consumer credit in the United States. After discussing the origins and various kinds of consumer credit available in today's marketplace, this book reviews at some length the long run growth of consumer credit to explore the widely held belief that somehow consumer credit has risen too fast for too long. It then turns to demand and supply with chapters discussing neoclassical theories of demand, new behavioral economics, and evidence on production costs and why consumer credit might seem expensive compared to some other kinds of credit like government finance. This discussion includes review of the economics of risk management and funding sources, as well discussion of the economic theory of why some people might be limited in their credit search, the phenomenon of credit rationing. This examination includes review of issues of risk management through mathematical methods of borrower screening known as credit scoring and financial market sources of funding for offerings of consumer credit. The book then discusses technological change in credit granting. It examines how modern automated information systems called credit reporting agencies, or more popularly credit bureaus, reduce the costs of information acquisition and permit greater credit availability at less cost. This discussion is followed by examination of the logical offspring of technology, the ubiquitous credit card that permits consumers access to both payments and credit services worldwide virtually instantly. After a chapter on institutions that have arisen to supply credit to individuals for whom mainstream credit is often unavailable, including payday loans and other small dollar sources of loans, discussion turns to legal structure and the regulation of consumer credit. There are separate chapters on the theories behind the two main thrusts of federal regulation to this point, fairness for all and financial disclosure. Following these chapters, there is another on state regulation that has long focused on marketplace access and pricing. Before a final concluding chapter, another chapter focuses on two noncredit marketplace products that are closely related to credit. The first of them, debt protection including credit insurance and other forms of credit protection, is economically a complement. The second product, consumer leasing, is a substitute for credit use in many situations, especially involving acquisition of automobiles. This chapter is followed by a full review of consumer bankruptcy, what happens in the worst of cases when consumers find themselves unable to repay their loans. Because of the importance of consumer credit in consumers' financial affairs, the intended audience includes anyone interested in these issues, not only specialists who spend much of their time focused on them. For this reason, the authors have carefully avoided academic jargon and the mathematics that is the modern language of economics. It also examines the psychological, sociological, historical, and especially legal traditions that go into fully understanding what has led to the demand for consumer credit and to what the markets and institutions that provide these products have become today. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: The Economics of Inequality Robert S. Rycroft, 2024-05-03 If there was any question before, there is no longer a question today: inequality, discrimination, poverty, and mobility are prominent national issues. The notion of The American Dream has been sold to generations of young Americans as the idea that working hard and following your dreams will allow you to break through any barriers in your path and inevitably lead to success. However, recent findings on inequality, discrimination, poverty, and mobility show that The American Reality is very different. The third edition of this introductory-level text has been completely revised to bring students up to date with current economic thinking on these issues. With an emphasis on data, theory, and policy, this book tackles each issue by exploring three key questions in each chapter: What does the data tell us about what has been happening to the American economy? What are the economic theories needed to understand what has been happening? What are the policy ideas and controversies associated with these economic problems? Key controversies are highlighted in each chapter to drive classroom discussion, and end-of-chapter questions develop student understanding. The book will also be accompanied by digital supplements in the form of PowerPoint slides for each chapter. This clearly written text is ideally suited to a wide variety of courses on contemporary economic conditions, inequality, and social economics in the United States. |
| fringe benefits economics definition: The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Poverty Philip N. Jefferson, 2012-11-05 Poverty is a pressing and persistent problem. While its extent varies across countries, its presence always represents the diminution of human capacity. Therefore, it seems natural to want to do something about it. Have countries made progress in mitigating poverty? How do we determine who is poor and who is not poor? What intuitions or theories guide the design of anti-poverty policy? Is overall labor market performance the key to keeping the poverty rate low? Or, does it matter how well-connected an individual is to those who know about the availability of jobs? Does being an immigrant increase the odds of being poor? Are there anti-poverty policies that work? For whom do they work? If I'm poor, will I have access to health care and housing? Am I more likely to be obese, polluted upon, incarcerated, un-banked, and without assets if I'm poor? Is poverty too hard a problem for economic analysis? These are some of the questions that a distinguished group of scholars have come together to confront in this Handbook. The Handbook is written in a highly-accessible style that encourages the reader to think critically about poverty. Theories are presented in a rigorous but not overly-technical way; concise and straightforward empirical analyses enlighten key policy issues. The volume has six parts: Poverty in the 21st Century; Labor Market Factors; Poverty Policy; Poverty Dynamics; Dimensions of Poverty; and Trends and Issues in Anti-Poverty Policy. A goal of the Handbook is to stimulate further research on poverty. To that end, several chapters challenge conventional thinking about poverty and in some cases present specific proposals for the reform of economic and social policy. |
What is the fringe in the context of search algorithms?
Jul 6, 2019 · In English, the fringe is (also) defined as the outer, marginal, or extreme part of an area, group, or sphere of activity. In the context of AI search algorithms, the state (or …
A* and uniform-cost search are apparently incomplete
Nov 24, 2019 · You forgot to calculate and take into account the costs of the actual paths. You forgot to accumulate the cost of the edges for going forward and backward multiple times!
Why do we use a last-in-first-out queue in depth-first searc…
Jun 2, 2020 · We use the LIFO queue, i.e. stack, for implementation of the depth-first search algorithm because depth-first search always expands the deepest node in the current frontier of the …
What are the differences between A* and greedy best-f…
Aug 30, 2019 · However, A* needs to keep all nodes in memory while searching, not just the ones in the fringe, because A*, essentially, performs an "exhaustive search" …
comparison - When should I use Genetic Algorithms as op…
Oct 14, 2021 · The paper Comparison between genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization (1998, by Eberhart and Shi) does not really answer the question of when to use …
What is the fringe in the context of search algorithms?
Jul 6, 2019 · In English, the fringe is (also) defined as the outer, marginal, or extreme part of an area, group, or sphere of activity. In the context of AI search algorithms, the state (or search) …
A* and uniform-cost search are apparently incomplete
Nov 24, 2019 · You forgot to calculate and take into account the costs of the actual paths. You forgot to accumulate the cost of the edges for going forward and backward multiple times!
Why do we use a last-in-first-out queue in depth-first search?
Jun 2, 2020 · We use the LIFO queue, i.e. stack, for implementation of the depth-first search algorithm because depth-first search always expands the deepest node in the current frontier …
What are the differences between A* and greedy best-first search?
Aug 30, 2019 · However, A* needs to keep all nodes in memory while searching, not just the ones in the fringe, because A*, essentially, performs an "exhaustive search" (which is "informed", in …
comparison - When should I use Genetic Algorithms as opposed …
Oct 14, 2021 · The paper Comparison between genetic algorithms and particle swarm optimization (1998, by Eberhart and Shi) does not really answer the question of when to use …
Why is A* optimal if the heuristic function is admissible?
Apr 13, 2018 · The tree search does not remember which states it has already visited, only the "fringe" of states it hasn't visited yet. A graph search is a general search strategy for searching …
What is the space complexity of breadth-first search?
Nov 9, 2020 · Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for …
machine learning - What is a fully convolution network? - Artificial ...
Jun 12, 2020 · Fully convolution networks. A fully convolution network (FCN) is a neural network that only performs convolution (and subsampling or upsampling) operations.
norvig russell - What does the statement with the max do in the ...
Mar 20, 2020 · By taking the max, the code ensures that states that are restored maintain at least the cost of the previously best unexpanded state. (If the g+h cost is larger, then we know the …
philosophy - Can the first emergence of consciousness in …
There is no scientific consensus on what consciousness is. Therefore any device designed to "be conscious" is necessarily going to be built on the premise of unsupported, maybe fringe, …
