Advertisement
| engineering associate's degree: Engineering Education and Practice in the United States National Research Council, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer, Subcommittee on Engineering Educational Systems, Panel on Technology Education, 1985-01-01 The Panel on Technology Education was one of four panels established by the Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer of the National Research Council. This panel's task was to investigate the technology aspects of the preparation of engineers in the United States. This report deals with: (1) The History of Technical Institutes; (2) Engineering Technology and Industrial Technology; (3) Engineering Technology and Engineering; (4) Engineering Technology Education; (5) Cooperative Education and Engineering Technology; (6) Accreditation, Certification, and Licensing; (7) Manpower Considerations; (8) The Impact of High Technology; and (9) Allocating Resources for Engineering Technology. An executive summary provides a set of recommendations developed as a part of the panel's work. (TW) |
| engineering associate's degree: Engineering Technology Education in the United States National Academy of Engineering, Committee on Engineering Technology Education in the United States, 2017-01-27 The vitality of the innovation economy in the United States depends on the availability of a highly educated technical workforce. A key component of this workforce consists of engineers, engineering technicians, and engineering technologists. However, unlike the much better-known field of engineering, engineering technology (ET) is unfamiliar to most Americans and goes unmentioned in most policy discussions about the US technical workforce. Engineering Technology Education in the United States seeks to shed light on the status, role, and needs of ET education in the United States. |
| engineering associate's degree: The College Solution Lynn O'Shaughnessy, 2008-06-06 “The College Solution helps readers look beyond over-hyped admission rankings to discover schools that offer a quality education at affordable prices. Taking the guesswork out of saving and finding money for college, this is a practical and insightful must-have guide for every parent!” —Jaye J. Fenderson, Seventeen’s College Columnist and Author, Seventeen’s Guide to Getting into College “This book is a must read in an era of rising tuition and falling admission rates. O’Shaughnessy offers good advice with blessed clarity and brevity.” —Jay Mathews, Washington Post Education Writer and Columnist “I would recommend any parent of a college-bound student read The College Solution.” —Kal Chany, Author, The Princeton Review’s Paying for College Without Going Broke “The College Solution goes beyond other guidebooks in providing an abundance of information about how to afford college, in addition to how to approach the selection process by putting the student first.” —Martha “Marty” O’Connell, Executive Director, Colleges That Change Lives “Lynn O’Shaughnessy always focuses on what’s in the consumer’s best interest, telling families how to save money and avoid making costly mistakes.” —Mark Kantrowitz, Publisher, FinAid.org and Author, FastWeb College Gold “An antidote to the hype and hysteria about getting in and paying for college! O’Shaughnessy has produced an excellent overview that demystifies the college planning process for students and families.” —Barmak Nassirian, American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers For millions of families, the college planning experience has become extremely stressful. And, unless your child is an elite student in the academic top 1%, most books on the subject won’t help you. Now, however, there’s a college guide for everyone. In The College Solution, top personal finance journalist Lynn O’Shaughnessy presents an easy-to-use roadmap to finding the right college program (not just the most hyped) and dramatically reducing the cost of college, too. Forget the rankings! Discover what really matters: the quality and value of the programs your child wants and deserves. O’Shaughnessy uncovers “industry secrets” on how colleges actually parcel out financial aid—and how even “average” students can maximize their share. Learn how to send your kids to expensive private schools for virtually the cost of an in-state public college...and how promising students can pay significantly less than the “sticker price” even at the best state universities. No other book offers this much practical guidance on choosing a college...and no other book will save you as much money! • Secrets your school’s guidance counselor doesn’t know yet The surprising ways colleges have changed how they do business • Get every dime of financial aid that’s out there for you Be a “fly on the wall” inside the college financial aid office • U.S. News & World Report: clueless about your child Beyond one-size-fits-all rankings: finding the right program for your teenager • The best bargains in higher education Overlooked academic choices that just might be perfect for you |
| engineering associate's degree: (Re)Defining the Goal Kevin J. Fleming, Ph.d., Ph D Kevin J Fleming, 2016-07-02 How is it possible that both university graduates and unfilled job openings are both at record-breaking highs? Our world has changed. New and emerging occupations in every industry now require a combination of academic knowledge and technical ability. With rising education costs, mounting student debt, fierce competition for jobs, and the oversaturation of some academic majors in the workforce, we need to once again guide students towards personality-aligned careers and not just into college. Extensively researched, (Re)Defining the Goal deconstructs the prevalent one-size-fits-all education agenda. The author provides a fresh perspective, replicable strategies, and outlines six proven steps to help students secure a competitive advantage in the new economy. Gain a new paradigm and the right resources to help students avoid the pitfalls of unemployment, or underemployment, after graduation. |
| engineering associate's degree: Mechanism Analysis Lyndon O. Barton, 2016-04-19 This updated and enlarged Second Edition provides in-depth, progressive studies of kinematic mechanisms and offers novel, simplified methods of solving typical problems that arise in mechanisms synthesis and analysis - concentrating on the use of algebra and trigonometry and minimizing the need for calculus.;It continues to furnish complete coverag |
| engineering associate's degree: Assessing and Responding to the Growth of Computer Science Undergraduate Enrollments National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, Policy and Global Affairs, Board on Higher Education and Workforce, Committee on the Growth of Computer Science Undergraduate Enrollments, 2018-04-28 The field of computer science (CS) is currently experiencing a surge in undergraduate degree production and course enrollments, which is straining program resources at many institutions and causing concern among faculty and administrators about how best to respond to the rapidly growing demand. There is also significant interest about what this growth will mean for the future of CS programs, the role of computer science in academic institutions, the field as a whole, and U.S. society more broadly. Assessing and Responding to the Growth of Computer Science Undergraduate Enrollments seeks to provide a better understanding of the current trends in computing enrollments in the context of past trends. It examines drivers of the current enrollment surge, relationships between the surge and current and potential gains in diversity in the field, and the potential impacts of responses to the increased demand for computing in higher education, and it considers the likely effects of those responses on students, faculty, and institutions. This report provides recommendations for what institutions of higher education, government agencies, and the private sector can do to respond to the surge and plan for a strong and sustainable future for the field of CS in general, the health of the institutions of higher education, and the prosperity of the nation. |
| engineering associate's degree: A Degree in a Book: Electrical And Mechanical Engineering David Baker, 2021-05-01 A concise introduction to all the key tenets of electrical and mechanical engineering degree course, written by former NASA engineer Dr David Baker. A Degree in a Book: Electrical and Mechanical Engineering is presented in an attractive landscape format in full-color. With timelines, feature spreads and information boxes, readers will quickly get to grips with the fundamentals of electrical and mechanical engineering and their practical applications. Covering Newtonian mechanics, nuclear engineering, artificial intelligence, 3D printing and more, this essential guide brings clarity to complex ideas. David Baker delves into the history and development of this far-reaching subject as well as the challenges of the future such as environmental responsibility. Complete with a useful glossary of key terms, this holistic introduction will equip students and laypeople alike with the knowledge of an engineering graduate. ABOUT THE SERIES: Get the knowledge of a degree for the price of a book with Arcturus Publishing's A Degree in a Book series. Written by experts in their fields, these highly visual guides feature handy timelines, information boxes, feature spreads and margin annotations, allowing readers to get to grips with complex subjects in no time. |
| engineering associate's degree: Understanding the Educational and Career Pathways of Engineers National Academy of Engineering, Committee on Understanding the Engineering Education-Workforce Continuum, 2019-01-26 Engineering skills and knowledge are foundational to technological innovation and development that drive long-term economic growth and help solve societal challenges. Therefore, to ensure national competitiveness and quality of life it is important to understand and to continuously adapt and improve the educational and career pathways of engineers in the United States. To gather this understanding it is necessary to study the people with the engineering skills and knowledge as well as the evolving system of institutions, policies, markets, people, and other resources that together prepare, deploy, and replenish the nation's engineering workforce. This report explores the characteristics and career choices of engineering graduates, particularly those with a BS or MS degree, who constitute the vast majority of degreed engineers, as well as the characteristics of those with non-engineering degrees who are employed as engineers in the United States. It provides insight into their educational and career pathways and related decision making, the forces that influence their decisions, and the implications for major elements of engineering education-to-workforce pathways. |
| engineering associate's degree: How to Win at College : Surprising Secrets for Success from the Country's Top Students Cal Newport, 2005 |
| engineering associate's degree: Electronics Computer Aided Design Phil L. Jones, Anne Buckley, 1989 |
| engineering associate's degree: White Awareness Judy H. Katz, 1978 Stage 1. |
| engineering associate's degree: Opportunities in Engineering Technology Careers John E. Heer, D. Joseph Hagerty, 1987 |
| engineering associate's degree: Continuing Education of Engineers National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Continuing Education, Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer, 1985-01-15 This report of the Panel of Continuing Education was prepared as part of the study on engineering education and practice in the United States that was conducted under the guidance of the National Research Council's Committee on the Education and Utilization of the Engineer. The report deals with: (1) Participation in Continuing Education--The Engineer's Perspective; (2) The Role of Industry; (3) The Role of the University; (4) The Role of Professional Societies; (5) The Role of Proprietary Schools; and (6) The Role of Government. A reference list and bibliography are included, along with appendices which address a pilot study for a study of policymakers' attitudes toward continuing education, a list of 1984 continuing education programs of technical societies, and a professional society survey. (TW) |
| engineering associate's degree: Devices: Theory , 2006 |
| engineering associate's degree: Analog Circuits and Devices Wai-Kai Chen, 2003-03-26 The Principles and Application in Engineering Series is a new series of convenient, economical references sharply focused on particular engineering topics and subspecialties. Each volume in this series comprises chapters carefully selected from CRC's bestselling handbooks, logically organized for optimum convenience, and thoughtfully priced to fit |
| engineering associate's degree: Microprocessor Systems Engineering Roger C. Camp, T. A. Smay, C. J. Triska, 1979 |
| engineering associate's degree: Cybersecurity for Executives Gregory J. Touhill, C. Joseph Touhill, 2014-06-09 Practical guide that can be used by executives to make well-informed decisions on cybersecurity issues to better protect their business Emphasizes, in a direct and uncomplicated way, how executives can identify, understand, assess, and mitigate risks associated with cybersecurity issues Covers 'What to Do When You Get Hacked?' including Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery planning, Public Relations, Legal and Regulatory issues, and Notifications and Disclosures Provides steps for integrating cybersecurity into Strategy; Policy and Guidelines; Change Management and Personnel Management Identifies cybersecurity best practices that executives can and should use both in the office and at home to protect their vital information |
| engineering associate's degree: Career Guide to the Safety Profession , 1997 |
| engineering associate's degree: Sustainable Engineering Practice , 2004 Sustainable Engineering Practice: An Introduction provides a broad, fundamental understanding of sustainability principles and their application to engineering work. It is intended to fill a need for a primer on sustainability that can be introduced early in an engineer's career: it brings together all the basic dimensions of the history, concepts, and applications of sustainable engineering; and through a variety of examples and references, inspires and encourages engineers to pursue and integrate sustainable engineering into their work on a life-long basis. The report contains: background summary of the role and accomplishments of engineers in sustainable development. The complete report, Engineers and Sustainable Development, is contained on the accompanying CD ROM; summary of the major commitments made and implementation activities agreed upon at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, in September 2002, and the initial steps taken by the U.S. engineering community and its global partners; wide spectrum of examples, which describe how sustainability principles can and are being integrated and applied in engineering education, researc will benefit from this primer on sustainable development and its concepts and applications. |
| engineering associate's degree: Environmental Engineering James R. Mihelcic, Julie B. Zimmerman, 2014-01-13 Environmental Engineering: Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design presents civil engineers with an introduction to chemistry and biology, through a mass and energy balance approach. ABET required topics of emerging importance, such as sustainable and global engineering are also covered. Problems, similar to those on the FE and PE exams, are integrated at the end of each chapter. Aligned with the National Academy of Engineering’s focus on managing carbon and nitrogen, the 2nd edition now includes a section on advanced technologies to more effectively reclaim nitrogen and phosphorous. Additionally, readers have immediate access to web modules, which address a specific topic, such as water and wastewater treatment. These modules include media rich content such as animations, audio, video and interactive problem solving, as well as links to explorations. Civil engineers will gain a global perspective, developing into innovative leaders in sustainable development. |
| engineering associate's degree: A Degree in a Book: Philosophy Peter Gibson, 2018-12-12 A perfect introduction for students and laypeople alike, A Degree in a Book: Philosophy provides you with all the concepts you need to understand the fundamental issues. Filled with helpful diagrams, suggestions for further reading, and easily digestible features on the history of philosophy, this book makes learning the subject easier than ever. Including ideas from Aristotle and Zeno to Descartes and Wittgenstein, it covers the whole range of western thought. By the time you finish reading this book, you will be able to answer questions like: • What is truth? • What can I really know? • How can I live a moral life? • Do I have free will? |
| engineering associate's degree: Studying Engineering Technology Stephen R. Cheshier, 1998 |
| engineering associate's degree: Women and Men of the Engineering Path Clifford Adelman, 1998 This monograph provides college academic administrators, institutional researchers, professional and learned societies, and academic advisors with information to improve understanding of the paths students take through engineering programs in higher education. The evidence used in this study comes principally from the 11-year college transcript history (1982-1993) of the High School & Beyond/Sophomore Cohort Longitudinal Study, as well as the high school transcripts, test scores, and surveys of this nationally representative sample. This is the first national tracking study of students in any undergraduate discipline that identifies attempted major fields from the empirical evidence of college transcripts. A curricular threshold of engineering was defined, and the careers of students described with reference to that threshold. While 16 long-term destinations of students who reached the threshold are identified, they are collapsed into four for purposes of analysis: (1) thresholders, who never moved beyond the requisite entry courses; (2) migrants, who crossed the threshold of the engineering path, began to major in enginering, but switched to other fields or left college altogether; (3) completers, some of whom continued on to graduate school by age 30; and (4) two-year-only students, whose college experience was confined principally to engineering tech programs in community colleges. Findings are presented in seven parts: (1) Engineering Paths as Established by Students; (2) The Content of Their Curriculum; (3) Engineering and Science: Confusing Signs along the Path; (4) Antecedents of the Engineering Path; (5) Choosing the Engineering Path; (6) Learning Engineering: Migration and Traffic; and (7) Experiencing Engineering: Classroom Environments, Credit Loads, and Grades. A concluding section presnts suggestions for changing the image of engineering among high school students and potential college majors, particularly women. Suggestions are also provided to other disciplines for undertaking similar tracking studies, particularly in fields where men have been a distinct minority. Contains 131 references and an appendix. (AA) |
| engineering associate's degree: Listening to Rosita Mary Ann Villarreal, 2015-10-20 Everybody in the bar had to drop a quarter in the jukebox or be shamed by “Momo” Villarreal. It wasn’t about the money, Mary Ann Villarreal’s grandmother insisted. It was about the music—more songs for all the patrons of the Pecan Lounge in Tivoli, Texas. But for Mary Ann, whose schoolbooks those quarters bought, the money didn’t hurt. When as an adult Villarreal began to wonder how the few recordings of women singers made their way into that jukebox, questions about the money seemed inseparable from those about the music. In Listening to Rosita, Villarreal seeks answers by pursuing the story of a small group of Tejana singers and entrepreneurs in Corpus Christi, Houston, and San Antonio—the “Texas Triangle”—during the mid-twentieth century. Ultimately she recovers a social world and cultural landscape in central south Texas where Mexican American women negotiated the shifting boundaries of race and economics to assert a public presence. Drawing on oral history, interviews, and insights from ethnic and gender studies, Listening to Rosita provides a counternarrative to previous research on la música tejana, which has focused almost solely on musicians or musical genres. Villarreal instead chronicles women’s roles and contributions to the music industry. In spotlighting the sixty-year singing career of San Antonian Rosita Fernández, the author pulls the curtain back on all the women whose names and stories have been glaringly absent from the ethnic and economic history of Tejana music and culture. In this oral history of the Tejana cantantes who performed and owned businesses in the Texas Triangle, Listening to Rosita shows how ethnic Mexican entrepreneurs developed a unique identity in striving for success in a society that demeaned and segregated them. In telling their story, this book supplies a critical chapter long missing from the history of the West. |
| engineering associate's degree: Enhancing the Community College Pathway to Engineering Careers National Research Council, National Academy of Engineering, Policy and Global Affairs, Board on Higher Education and Workforce, Committee on Engineering Education, Committee on Enhancing the Community College Pathway to Engineering Careers, 2006-01-01 Community colleges play an important role in starting students on the road to engineering careers, but students often face obstacles in transferring to four-year educational institutions to continue their education. Enhancing the Community College Pathway to Engineering Careers, a new book from the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council, discusses ways to improve the transfer experience for students at community colleges and offers strategies to enhance partnerships between those colleges and four-year engineering schools to help students transfer more smoothly. In particular, the book focuses on challenges and opportunities for improving transfer between community colleges and four-year educational institutions, recruitment and retention of students interested in engineering, the curricular content and quality of engineering programs, opportunities for community colleges to increase diversity in the engineering workforce, and a review of sources of information on community college and transfer students. It includes a number of current policies, practices, and programs involving community collegeâ€four-year institution partnerships. |
| engineering associate's degree: Clinical Engineering Handbook Joseph F. Dyro, 2004-08-27 As the biomedical engineering field expands throughout the world, clinical engineers play an ever more important role as the translator between the worlds of the medical, engineering, and business professionals. They influence procedure and policy at research facilities, universities and private and government agencies including the Food and Drug Administration and the World Health Organization. Clinical engineers were key players in calming the hysteria over electrical safety in the 1970s and Y2K at the turn of the century and continue to work for medical safety. This title brings together all the important aspects of Clinical Engineering. It provides the reader with prospects for the future of clinical engineering as well as guidelines and standards for best practice around the world. |
| engineering associate's degree: Electrical Engineering Reference Manual for the Electrical and Computer PE Exam John A. Camara, 2007 Electrical Engineering Reference Manual is the most comprehensive reference available for the electrical and computer engineering PE exam. |
| engineering associate's degree: How to Become a Professional Engineer Professional Publications, Inc, 1997 A concise, thorough guide for those who want to earn their Professional Engineer (PE) license. Topics include: benefits of the PE license; who needs to register; how to qualify for the exam; how to document engineering experience; what the exams are like; test-taking tips and strategy. |
| engineering associate's degree: Software Engineering Education Lionel E. Deimel, 1990-04-06 |
| engineering associate's degree: Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering , 2000 |
| engineering associate's degree: The Engineer , 2014 |
| engineering associate's degree: US Black Engineer & IT , 1994 |
| engineering associate's degree: Engineering Technology Education in the United States National Academy of Engineering, Committee on Engineering Technology Education in the United States, 2016-12-27 The vitality of the innovation economy in the United States depends on the availability of a highly educated technical workforce. A key component of this workforce consists of engineers, engineering technicians, and engineering technologists. However, unlike the much better-known field of engineering, engineering technology (ET) is unfamiliar to most Americans and goes unmentioned in most policy discussions about the US technical workforce. Engineering Technology Education in the United States seeks to shed light on the status, role, and needs of ET education in the United States. |
| engineering associate's degree: Mayfly Larvae of Wisconsin Tom H. Klubertanz, 2016-07-01 |
| engineering associate's degree: US Black Engineer & IT , 1988 |
| engineering associate's degree: Psychology Alan Porter, 2018 The perfect introduction to psychology, this title covers every major subject of psychology and every methodology. Including helpful diagrams, summary sections, ideas for further reading and questions to consider, you will soon be able to understand the differences between Freud and Jung, its relationship to neuroscience and physiology, and how psychology is used in our everyday lives. |
| engineering associate's degree: Assuring the U.S. Department of Defense a Strong Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce National Research Council, National Academy of Engineering, Policy and Global Affairs, Board on Higher Education and Workforce, Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, Committee on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Workforce Needs for the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Defense Industrial Base, 2012-10-31 The ability of the nation's military to prevail during future conflicts, and to fulfill its humanitarian and other missions, depends on continued advances in the nation's technology base. A workforce with robust Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) capabilities is critical to sustaining U.S. preeminence. Today, however, the STEM activities of the Department of Defense (DOD) are a small and diminishing part of the nation's overall science and engineering enterprise. Assuring the U.S. Department of Defense a Strong Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Workforce presents five principal recommendations for attracting, retaining, and managing highly qualified STEM talent within the department based on an examination of the current STEM workforce of DOD and the defense industrial base. As outlined in the report, DOD should focus its investments to ensure that STEM competencies in all potentially critical, emerging topical areas are maintained at least at a basic level within the department and its industrial and university bases. |
| engineering associate's degree: Career Discovery Encyclopedia Ferguson, 2009 Praise for the previous editions: Booklist/RBB Twenty Best Bets for Student Researchers |
| engineering associate's degree: US Black Engineer & IT , 2002-03 |
| engineering associate's degree: Career Opportunities in the Energy Industry Allan Taylor, James Robert Parish, 2008 Presents one hundred and thirty job descriptions for careers within the energy industry, and includes positions dealing with coal, electric, nuclear energy, renewable energy, engineering, machine operation, science, and others. |
The effect of age on mapping auditory icons to visual icons for ...
Oct 1, 1996 · This research explored the abilities of subjects in grade 1 (6–7 years old) and grade 3 (8–9 years old) to identify auditory icons that are commonly introduced in software …
Toward establishing a link between psychomotor task complexity …
Oct 1, 1996 · The objective of this research is to propose and validate a link between an existing information processing model for psychomotor tasks and a comprehensive characterization of …
Engineering | Journal | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier
The official journal of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press. Engineering is an international open-access journal that was launched by the Chinese …
Pickering stabilization of double emulsions: Basic concepts, …
Double emulsions (DEs) offer unique compartmentalized structures but are inherently unstable, prompting significant scientific and industrial efforts …
Engineering Structures | Journal | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier
Engineering Structures provides a forum for a broad blend of scientific and technical papers to reflect the evolving needs of the structural engineering and structural mechanics communities. …
Engineering Failure Analysis | Journal - ScienceDirect
Published in Affiliation with the European Structural Integrity Society. The Engineering Failure Analysis journal provides an essential reference for analysing and preventing engineering …
Engineering Geology | Journal | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier
Engineering Geology is an international interdisciplinary journal bridging the fields of the earth sciences and engineering, particularly geological and geotechnical engineering.The focus of …
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence | Journal ...
A journal of IFAC, the International Federation of Automatic Control Artificial Intelligence (AI) is playing a major role in the fourth industrial revolution and we are seeing a lot of evolution in …
High-Entropy Approach vs. Traditional Doping Strategy for …
Jun 1, 2025 · The traditional doping strategy has emerged as an effective method for addressing challenges such as irreversible phase transitions and poor cycling s…
Food Hydrocolloids | Vol 168, December 2025 - ScienceDirect
Read the latest articles of Food Hydrocolloids at ScienceDirect.com, Elsevier’s leading platform of peer-reviewed scholarly literature
The effect of age on mapping auditory icons to visual icons for ...
Oct 1, 1996 · This research explored the abilities of subjects in grade 1 (6–7 years old) and grade 3 (8–9 years old) to identify auditory icons that are commonly introduced in …
Toward establishing a link between psychomotor task complexity and ...
Oct 1, 1996 · The objective of this research is to propose and validate a link between an existing information processing model for psychomotor tasks and a comprehensive …
Engineering | Journal | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier
The official journal of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and Higher Education Press. Engineering is an international open-access journal that was launched by the Chinese …
Pickering stabilization of double emulsions: Basic concepts, rationa…
Double emulsions (DEs) offer unique compartmentalized structures but are inherently unstable, prompting significant scientific and industrial efforts …
Engineering Structures | Journal | ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier
Engineering Structures provides a forum for a broad blend of scientific and technical papers to reflect the evolving needs of the structural engineering and structural mechanics …
