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fundamentals of instruction faa: Airplane Flying Handbook, Faa-H-8083-3b ( Full Version ) Federal Aviation Administration, 2018-05-12 Airplane Flying Handbook Front Matter Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction to Flight Training Chapter 2: Ground Operations Chapter 3: Basic Flight Maneuvers Chapter 4: Maintaining Aircraft Control: Upset Prevention and Recovery Training (PDF) Chapter 5: Takeoffs and Departure Climbs Chapter 6: Ground Reference Maneuvers Chapter 7: Airport Traffic Patterns Chapter 8: Approaches and Landings Chapter 9: Performance Maneuvers Chapter 10: Night Operations Chapter 11: Transition to Complex Airplanes Chapter 12: Transition to Multiengine Airplanes Chapter 13: Transition to Tailwheel Airplanes Chapter 14: Transition to Turbopropeller-Powered Airplanes Chapter 15: Transition to Jet-Powered Airplanes Chapter 16: Transition to Light Sport Airplanes (LSA) Chapter 17: Emergency Procedures Glossary Index |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Aviation Instructor's Handbook Federal Aviation Administration, 2009-09 The Aviation Instructor’s Handbook is a world-class educational reference tool developed and designed for ground instructors, flight instructors, and aviation maintenance instructors. This information-packed handbook provides the foundation for beginning instructors to understand and apply the fundamentals of instructing. It also provides aviation instructors with detailed, up-to-date information on learning and teaching, and how to relate this information to the task of conveying aeronautical knowledge and skills to students. Experienced aviation instructors will also find the new and updated information useful for improving their effectiveness in training activities. No aviation instructor’s library is complete without the up-to-date Aviation Instructor’s Handbook. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Aviation Instructor's Handbook Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)/Aviation Supplies & Academics (ASA), Federal Aviation Administration (Faa)/Av, 2020-07-31 eBundle: printed book and eBook download code Designed for ground instructors, flight instructors, and aviation maintenance instructors, this Aviation Instructor's Handbook was developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in cooperation with aviation educators and industry to help beginning instructors understand and apply the fundamentals of instruction. It provides up-to-date information on learning and teaching and how to apply this to the task of teaching aeronautical knowledge and skills to learners. Experienced aviation instructors will also find the information useful for improving their effectiveness in training activities. This book is a key reference tool to all the information necessary for operating as an authorized instructor and passing the Fundamentals of Instructing (FOI) FAA Knowledge Exam. Subjects covered include risk management and single-pilot resource management, human behavior, the learning process, effective communication, the teaching process, assessments, planning instructional activity, instructor responsibilities and professionalism, and techniques of flight instruction. Appendices include a comprehensive bibliography of references, information on how to develop a test item bank, certificates and ratings endorsements, and a personal minimums checklist. This new edition expands and updates the existing material, including scenario-based training relative to assessments, the submission process of an Airman Certificate and/or Rating application through IACRA, and endorsements. It also incorporates new areas of safety concerns and technical information not previously covered, such as referencing the Airman Certification Standards (ACS) alongside the Practical Test Standards (PTS), teaching practical risk management during flight instruction, and information for Remote Pilots. This book is the official FAA source for teaching flight and many test questions for the FAA Knowledge Exams for instructors come from this reference. Complete with chapter summaries; detailed, full-color drawings and photographs throughout; and a glossary and index. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Aviation Instructor's Handbook Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)/Aviation Supplies & Academics (ASA), 2013-04-03 Trade Paperback + PDF eBook version: Trade paperback book comes with code to download the eBook from ASA's website. Designed for ground instructors, flight instructors, and aviation maintenance instructors, this Aviation Instructor's Handbook was developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in cooperation with aviation educators and industry to help beginning instructors understand and apply the fundamentals of instruction. This handbook provides up-to-date information on learning and teaching, and how to relate this information to the task of teaching aeronautical knowledge and skills to students. Experienced aviation instructors will also find the information useful for improving their effectiveness in training activities. This book is a key reference tool to all the information necessary for operating as an authorized flight instructor and passing the Fundamentals of Instructing FAA Knowledge Exam. Subjects covered include human behavior, the learning process, effective communication, the teaching process, assessments, planning instruction activity, instructor responsibilities, techniques of flight instruction, and risk management. Appendices include a comprehensive bibliography of references, information on how to develop a test item bank, certificates and ratings endorsements, personal minimums checklist, flight instructor endorsements, and relationships of decision-making models. Newly illustrated with full-color drawings and photographs. Softcover, 8.25x10.75, 226 pages. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Flight/ground Instructor FAA Written Exam Irvin N. Gleim, 2001 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Aviation Instructor's Handbook Faa-H-8083-9a Federal Aviation Administration, 2018-05-08 Designed for ground instructors, flight instructors, and aviation maintenance instructors, this Aviation Instructor's Handbook was developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in cooperation with aviation educators and industry to help beginning instructors understand and apply the fundamentals of instruction. This handbook provides up-to-date information on learning and teaching, and how to relate this information to the task of teaching aeronautical knowledge and skills to students. Experienced aviation instructors will also find the information useful for improving their effectiveness in training activities. This book is a key reference tool to all the information necessary for operating as an authorized flight instructor and passing the Fundamentals of Instructing FAA Knowledge Exam. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Certified Flight Instructor Oral Exam Guide Michael D. Hayes, 2008-04 The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) administers oral as well as written exams for pilot certification and flight review. These exam guides teach applicants not only what to expect, but also how to exhibit subject mastery and confidence under scrutiny. In this series, the most consistent questions asked in each exam are provided in a question-and-answer format, with information sources for further study. Applicants facing the oral exams will benefit from the topics discussed and the further study materials provided, which have been updated to reflect important FAA regulatory, procedural, and training changes, including fundamentals of instruction, technical subject areas, an appendix with the latest version of the FAA's advisory circular 61-65, and a new chapter on emergency operations. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: The Flight Instructor's Manual William K. Kershner, 2002 This fourth edition is the complete manual for flight instructors, with instructional methods for teaching pre-solo maneuvers, to the first solo flight, through certification. Describes what to expect from students and what they expect from their instructors. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Becoming a Cfi Radek Wyrzykowski, 2021-04-15 This book identifies the key psychological elements of flight instruction and the importance of their use in practice. It is written with all aviation enthusiasts in mind. It is for those pilots who already provide flight instruction and would like to take it to the next level or for those in training to be flight instructors. It is also for student pilots who want to see what they should expect from their flight instructor and everybody who wants to see what flight instruction is about. Based on the scientific study of student behavior and the author’s 20 years of experience as a CFI. The “Becoming a CFI” offers practical advice to identify the critical elements in effective aviation education. It also analyzes Fundamentals of Instructing by focusing on those elements which are crucial to understand and use. Author and aviation educator Radek Wyrzykowski provides rare insights into the process of flight instruction by using his real-life experiences and actions over the years, from his student pilot certificate through becoming a Chief Flight Instructor for one of the large flight schools in the northeast. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Train Like You Fly Arlynn McMahon, 2018-12-10 The first comprehensive guide to scenario-based instruction (SBT), this flight instructor's manual combines latest studies and proven practices. The concrete guidelines and tips help flight instructors expand their FAA practical test standards and numerous topics are covered such as systematic risk reduction, critical and evaluation, including past accidents, and tailoring programs to reach specific and individualized goals. learn how to build effective, creative scenarios for IFR training, advanced training, and instrument proficiency. Using structured scripts, SBT teaches students to consider all aspects of every flight, from beginning to end. Train Like You Fly is packed with scenarios, guidelines and tips that will help flight instructors reach well beyond the FAA Practical Test Standards to help students to train like they fly, so they fly like they train. In this new Second Edition, the author provides specific narrative examples of scenario-based training for each chapter and topic. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Fundamentals of Instructing/basic Ground Instructor Test Book , 1986 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Far/aim 2022 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)/Aviation Supplies & Academics (ASA), 2021-09-09 Rules and Procedures for Aviators, U.S. Department of Transportation, From Titles 14 and 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations--Cover. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: The Flight Instructor's Survival Guide Arlynn McMahon, 2017 Memorable stories and sage advice illustrating the fundamentals of instruction in aviation training |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Telling Is Not Teaching Mike Thompson, 2017-07-30 Certified flight instructors are rarely educators. Many see instruction as a stepping-stone to the next level of their flight careers and assume that merely telling is the equivalent of teaching. This mistake is detrimental to both students and the aviation industry. Telling a student something has no bearing on actual learning. True teaching requires a much deeper level of communication. Veteran flight instructor and educator Mike Thompson applies principles of educational psychology to the FAA-H-8083-9A Aviation Instructor's Handbook. Using simple, down-to-earth language, Thompson examines how to enable genuine teaching by developing the student-instructor relationship. Teaching is a human endeavor requiring an investment from student and instructor alike. Initially, it takes time to build a relationship with students, but once it's established, rates of engagement and retention increase. True learning is then achieved. Despite advances in educational technology, the human brain continues to learn as it always has. Thompson applies his knowledge of how people really learn and how to build effective student-teacher relationships to provide flight instructors with skills they can use to encourage deep and advanced learning. While primarily aimed at the aviation industry, Thompson's no-nonsense discussion of teaching and educational psychology is applicable in any instructional arena. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Lesson Plans to Train Like You Fly Arlynn McMahon, 2011 A comprehensive guide to scenario-based instruction that features guidelines and tips that help flight instructors expand their practices to go beyond the FAA practical test standards. It covers such topics as systematic risk reduction, critical thinking, effective grading and evaluation, and tailoring programs to reach specific goals. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Paraglider and Paramotor Instructor Jeff Goin, 2018-05-25 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Rod Machado's How to Fly an Airplane Handbook Brian Weiss, 2014 The ultimate book for learning stick and rudder flying skills for beginners and experienced pilots. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Lesson Plans to Train Like You Fly Arlynn McMahon, 2021 This guide for flight instructors (CFIs) presents lesson plans in the form of scenario-based maneuver briefings. A rich resource for active instructors, these lesson plans are also helpful to CFI applicants preparing their own materials. Lesson Plans can also be used as a companion book for flight instructors who are following the principles of scenario-based training taught in Arlynn McMahon's first book, Train Like You Fly: A Flight Instructor's Guide to Scenario-Based Training. Lesson Plans is designed to work in complement with any syllabus and the FAA Practical Test Standards (PTS) or Airman Certification Standards (ACS). It explains how to teach each maneuver, making the flight instructor's favorite syllabus curriculum even more effective and enjoyable for flight students. Each maneuver briefing features a series of drawings instructors can discuss with their students or replicate in the classroom and an accompanying script to teach from, which includes a story or motivation on the why and how the maneuver is applied in actual flight. Common errors are discussed in the form of keys to success, to positively inspire students to become sound aviation citizens. In addition to the lesson plans, the book includes templates, checklists, and student assignments to build proper flight preparation habits and help determine the student's readiness to act as pilot-in-command. These tools are especially helpful to the flight instructor ahead of the major flight training milestones, such as first solo, solo cross-country, and the checkride. First published in 2011, This new Third Edition updates information to reflect current best practices and adds a new chapter for teaching Basic Instrument Maneuvers-- |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Practical Guide to the CFI Checkride Gregg Brightwell, 2018 Clarifies in plain language exactly what flight instructor applicants must know and demonstrate during the oral portion of the FAA Practical Exam, eliminating any surprise about examiner expectations. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Risk Management Handbook Federal Aviation Administration, 2012-07-03 Every day in the United States, over two million men, women, and children step onto an aircraft and place their lives in the hands of strangers. As anyone who has ever flown knows, modern flight offers unparalleled advantages in travel and freedom, but it also comes with grave responsibility and risk. For the first time in its history, the Federal Aviation Administration has put together a set of easy-to-understand guidelines and principles that will help pilots of any skill level minimize risk and maximize safety while in the air. The Risk Management Handbook offers full-color diagrams and illustrations to help students and pilots visualize the science of flight, while providing straightforward information on decision-making and the risk-management process. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: The Complete Multi-Engine Pilot Bob Gardner, 2018-12-10 This new Fourth Edition has been updated to reflect and comply with new FAA Airman Certification Standards so that pilot-license applicants and students will understand what they must know, perform, and consider in adding-on a multi-engine rating to their pilot license. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Certification, Pilots and Flight Instructors , 1980 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Euclid's Elements Euclid, Dana Densmore, 2002 The book includes introductions, terminology and biographical notes, bibliography, and an index and glossary --from book jacket. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Powered Parachute Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-29) Federal Aviation Administration, 2011-02 From the FAA, the only handbook you need to learn to fly a powered... |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Glider Flying Handbook Federal Aviation Administration, 2007-07 For both certified glider pilots and students attempting certification in the glider category, this is an unparalleled... |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Rod Machado's Instrument Pilot's Handbook , 2009 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Far/aim 2021 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)/Aviation Supplies & Academics (ASA), 2020-09-15 Rules and Procedures for Aviators, U.S. Department of Transportation, From Titles 14 and 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations--Cover. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: The Student Pilot's Flight Manual William K. Kershner, 1973 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Airframe and Powerplant Mechanics Airframe Handbook United States. Flight Standards Service, 1976 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: The Savvy Flight Instructor Gregory N. Brown, 2016-02 Second Edition You've mastered the FAA handbooks and wrapped up one of the toughest orals of your flying career. You can now fly and talk at the same time, all from the right seat. You can create lesson plans, enter mysterious endorsements in student logbooks, and actually explain the finer points of a lazy eight. That's everything you'll ever need to know in order to flight instruct?or is it? This book is designed to help with all those ?other flight instructing questions, like why and how to become a CFI in the first place, and how to get your first instructing job. Where do flight students come from? And once you've got them, how do you keep them flying? How can you optimize your students' pass rate on checkrides? And how do you get flight customers to come back to you for their advanced ratings? Written by Greg Brown (author of The Turbine Pilot's Flight Manual and Job Hunting for Pilots), this Second Edition of The Savvy Flight Instructor provides nearly 20 years of additional wisdom, experience, and know-how, and includes new ?Finer Points contributed by industry experts. While this edition retains the key marketing, pilot training, and customer support concepts that made the original edition required CFI reading, those areas have been refined and expanded to incorporate the latest industry philosophies and techniques. Readers will learn how best to sell today's prospects on flying and how to utilize online marketing and social media. Greg Brown lays out tips for offering flight-instructing services with the sophistication of other competitive activities that beckon from just a click away on potential customers' computers and mobile devices. Aspiring flight instructors will learn why and how to qualify, and how to get hired once you earn the certificate. There's extensive coverage of techniques for systematizing customer success and satisfaction policies, strategies for pricing and structuring flight training to fit today's market, integration of affordable simulation technologies into your training programs, and tips for coping with the ?CFI shortage. Along with tips on how to attract and retain flight students, the author examines professionalism in flight instructing. In short, The Savvy Flight Instructor shows you how to use your instructing activities to increase student satisfaction, promote general aviation, and advance your personal flying career all at the same time. Contributing writers in the new Finer Points sections are Heather Baldwin (a commercial pilot and marketing writer), and CFIs Jason Blair (a designated pilot examiner), Ben Eichelberger (a flight training standardization expert), Dorothy Schick (flight school owner and marketing innovator), and Ian Twombly (noted flight-training writer and editor). |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Aviation Weather United States. National Weather Service, United States. Flight Standards Service, 1965 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Advisory Circular Checklist (and Status of Other FAA Publications). United States. Federal Aviation Administration, 1986 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Fundamentals of Instructing FAA Written Exam Irvin N. Gleim, 1996-07 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Fundamentals of Instruction FAA Written Exam Irvin N. Gleim, 1986-07-01 |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Aviation Instructor's Handbook Federal Aviation Administration, 2021-05-04 Here is the official guide, a new edition developed by the FAA, to help beginning ground instructors, flight instructors, and aviation maintenance instructors understand the basics of flight instruction. Heavily illustrated and filled with essential information, topics include: Risk Management and Resource Management Human Behavior The Learning Process Effective Communication The Teaching Process Assessment Instructor Responsibilities and Professionalism Techniques of Flight Instruction And much more This official FAA publication provides aviation instructors with up-to-date information on learning and teaching, and how to relate this information to the task of teaching aeronautical knowledge and skills to students. Experienced aviation instructors will also find the updated information useful for improving their effectiveness in training activities. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Airman Certification Standards: Flight Instructor - Airplane (2024) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), U S Department of Transportation, 2024-05-31 Aviation Supplies & Academics, Inc. has been the industry's trusted source for official FAA publications for over 80 years. Look for the ASA wings to ensure you're purchasing the latest authentic FAA release. FAA-S-ACS-25 is effective May 31, 2024 and replaces FAA-S-8081-6D. Includes FAA-G-ACS-2. This Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Flight Instructor for Airplane Category Airman Certification Standards (ACS) document provides the aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and flight proficiency standards for the flight instructor certificate in the airplane category. The FAA ACS comprise the testing standard for practical tests and proficiency checks for persons seeking or holding an airman certificate and/or rating. This book also includes the Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2), with additional information relevant to applicants seeking FAA airman certification. The goal of the airman certification process is to ensure the applicant possesses the knowledge, ability to manage risks, and skill consistent with the privileges of the certificate or rating being exercised, in order to act as pilot-in-command (PIC). The ACS is the guide for students, instructors, and evaluators to understand what applicants must know, consider, and do to pass the FAA Knowledge Exam and practical (checkride) and earn their pilot certificate or rating. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Aviation Instructor's Handbook U S De Federal Aviation Administration, U.s. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration, 2013-04-03 Designed for ground instructors, flight instructors, and aviation maintenance instructors, the Aviation Instructor's Handbook was developed by the Flight Standards Service, Airman Testing Standards Branch, in cooperation with aviation educators and industry to help beginning instructors understand and apply the fundamentals of instruction. This handbook provides aviation instructors with up-to-date information on learning and teaching, and how to relate this information to the task of teaching aeronautical knowledge and skills to students. Experienced aviation instructors will also find the updated information useful for improving their effectiveness in training activities |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Flight Instructor-Instrument for Airplane and Helicopter Practical Test Standards Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 2003-04 The Practical Test Standards (PTS) series guides student pilots, flight instructors, and FAA-designated examiners through checkrides, the final test in acquiring a pilot license. Each PTS guide details the skill and knowledge that must be successfully demonstrated before an examiner can issue a certificate or rating. The knowledge requirements detail which subjects will be covered -- which weather reports and forecasts candidates will be asked to analyse, which physiological conditions (such as dehydration, spatial disorientation, and hypoxia) candidates will need to discuss, and what kind of flight planning exercises will need to be demonstrated. The skill requirements include what kind of takeoff and landing must be performed, such as crosswind or short-field; how a steep turn should be executed, with specifics that include what bank angle and airspeed to use; and what areas will be tested on a continuous basis, such as the checklist usage, positive exchange of flight controls, and crew resource management. The tolerances are defined so the candidates know what altitude, airspeed, headings, and banks must be maintained to complete each manoeuvre successfully. Each PTS guide lists the knowledge and experience prerequisites for a particular certificate or rating and provides background information and study and reference materials. |
fundamentals of instruction faa: Flight Instructor Oral Exam Guide Michael D. Hayes, 2023 ASA's Flight Instructor Oral Exam Guide is an excellent study tool for students and instructors alike. Arranged in a question-and-answer format, this comprehensive guide lists the questions most likely to be asked by examiners and provides succinct, ready responses. Use when you're gearing up for the Practical Exam, as well as for a general refresher. FAA references are provided throughout for further study-- |
fundamentals of instruction faa: The Flight Instructor's Manual William K. Kershner, 2018-02-20 An excellent instructor resource for information about the problems students and pilots encounter in flight training. The Flight Instructor's Manual is an invaluable reference for flight instructor applicants and serves as an indispensable guide for both new and experienced instructors (CFIs). Organized so each chapter can be used as a stand-alone reference for a particular phase of instruction, allowing it to serve as a how to teach guide on topics including: fundamentals of flight instruction (FOI), presolo instruction, first solo to the private certificate, advanced VFR instruction, introduction to aerobatic instruction, and instrument instruction. The book also features a comprehensive spin syllabus, material on multi-engine airplanes, instructing international students, teaching ground school, and setting up tests. With teaching tips on: - Fundamentals of Instruction (FOI) - Presolo - First Solo to the Private Certificate - Complex Single-Engine Airplanes - Light Twins - Spins - Aerobatics - Instruments |
FUNDAMENTAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of FUNDAMENTAL is serving as a basis supporting existence or determining essential structure or function : basic. How to use fundamental in a sentence. Synonym …
FUNDAMENTALS | English meaning - Cambridge Diction…
The fundamentals include modularity, anticipation of change, generality and an incremental approach.
FUNDAMENTALS definition and meaning | Collins English Dict…
The fundamentals of something are its simplest, most important elements, ideas, or principles, in contrast to …
FUNDAMENTAL Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
noun a basic principle, rule, law, or the like, that serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part. to master the fundamentals of a trade.
Fundamentals - definition of fundamentals by The Free Di…
Fundamentals (See also ESSENCE.) down to bedrock Down to basics or fundamentals; down to the essentials. Bedrock is literally a hard, solid layer of rock underlying the upper strata of …
FUNDAMENTAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of FUNDAMENTAL is serving as a basis supporting existence or determining essential structure or function : basic. How to use fundamental in a sentence. Synonym …
FUNDAMENTALS | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
The fundamentals include modularity, anticipation of change, generality and an incremental approach.
FUNDAMENTALS definition and meaning | Collins English …
The fundamentals of something are its simplest, most important elements, ideas, or principles, in contrast to more complicated or detailed ones.
FUNDAMENTAL Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
noun a basic principle, rule, law, or the like, that serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part. to master the fundamentals of a trade.
Fundamentals - definition of fundamentals by The Free Dictionary
Fundamentals (See also ESSENCE.) down to bedrock Down to basics or fundamentals; down to the essentials. Bedrock is literally a hard, solid layer of rock underlying the upper strata of soil …
fundamental - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
May 17, 2025 · fundamental (plural fundamentals) (generic, singular) A basic truth, elementary concept, principle, rule, or law. An individual fundamental will often serve as a building block …
FUNDAMENTALS definition | Cambridge English Dictionary
fundamentals of It's important for children to be taught the fundamentals of science. Share prices have risen across Asia as fundamentals improve. Global uncertainty is unlikely to become …
Fundamental - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com
Fundamental has its roots in the Latin word fundamentum, which means "foundation." So if something is fundamental, it is a key point or underlying issue — the foundation, if you will — …
FUNDAMENTAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
fundamental principle The school is based on the fundamental principle that all children should reach their full potential. of fundamental importance Diversity is of fundamental importance to …
Fundamentals - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com
Definitions of fundamentals noun principles from which other truths can be derived “first you must learn the fundamentals ” synonyms: basic principle, basics, bedrock, fundamental principle …